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====== Machine Language Tutorial Part 2 - Memory Manipulation ======
The 6510 has three registers that can all hold 8 bits of data (this is why the C64 is called an 8-bit computer): A, X, and Y.
The proper name for the A register is the accumulator because of its ability to do math, and X & Y are called index registers.
You cannot transfer data directly between two memory addresses, so these must pass through the registers.

To load a byte into registers, use these commands:
<code>LDA - load into A
LDX - load into X
LDY - load into Y</code>

So the "LDA $1234" example from last part would load whatever was in $1234 into A.

To store registers into memory, use these commands:
<code>STA - store A into
STX - store X into
STY - store Y into</code>

So the "STA $4321" example from last part would store whatever was in A into $4321.

To transfer data between registers, use these commands:
<code>TAX - transfer A to X
TAY - transfer A to Y
TXA - transfer X to A
TYA - transfer Y to A</code>

These commands have no operand, so just "TAX" would be sufficient.

To increment or decrement registers or memory, use these commands:
<code>INC - increment memory
INX - increment X
INY - increment Y
DEC - decrement memory
DEX - decrement X
DEY - decrement Y</code>

So "INC $1111" would increment $1111. INX and INY have no operand. You'll use INX/DEX/INY/DEY a lot, so remember them!

===== A Little Tangent =====
Alright, so we have a question that still needs to be answered: where do we put our programs?
The cassette buffer, $033C-$03FB is a good spot to put these short example programs.
But in the future, you're going to need to use different spots of memory.
There's a completely free block of RAM in $C000-$CFFF, but that's still only 4K.
$0800-$9FFF is the normal spot if you're not using BASIC at all, but usually you're going to include a SYS-line, so you'll need to start at $080D if so. If you have the BASIC and Kernal-ROMs turned off entirely, you've also got almost all of $A000-$BFFF and $E000-$FFFF. Don't use $D000-$DFFF, that's where the I/O (SID, VIC, CIA) lies.

===== The Example =====
Objective: We want to get $46 into A, transfer that to X, increase it, put it back into A, and then store that into $CFFF.

The first problem comes right away: how do we get the specific value $46 into A? We can't do LDA $46, or else it would load from the zeropage $46.

The solution is that we have to add a number sign preceding the value. This is called immediate addressing. Using a full address (LDA $FFFF) is called absolute addressing, and zeropage access (LDA $FF) is called zeropage addressing. We'll learn about more addressing modes later.

So type this into the monitor:
<code>A 033C LDA #$46</code>
Remember what this means? It means that we're Assembling LDA #$46 to $033C.

So now we see that the monitor has prepared the next line, now all we must type to transfer is:
<code>TAX</code>
And now we increment it:
<code>INX</code>
Put it back into A:
<code>TXA</code>
And store it (absolute addressing):
<code>STA $CFFF</code>
But now there's another issue: how do we tell the computer to stop execution? If we didn't, it would just go into a random series of commands that would inevitably crash it.

To tell the computer to quit this program, we use:
<code>BRK</code>
This breaks the program and jumps to the address at $0316. In this case, it returns to the monitor.

Note: Using BRK to end a program is generally a bad idea for actual programs. We're only using it in this example.

We're done, now just press return on the next line to exit assembly mode.

To start the program, we could do two things: go back to BASIC and type SYS828 ($033C in decimal), or type in the monitor:
<code>G 033C</code>
This command (goto) changes the Program Counter so the next thing it executes is your program (the instruction at $033C).

Now type R into the monitor to view the registers, and type M CFFF. See anything different?

End of part 2...