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 +====== Making stable raster routines (C64 and VIC-20) ======
 +
 +
 +by Marko Makela
 +
 +
 +====== Preface ======
 +
 +
 +Too many graphical effects, also called raster effects, have been
 +coded in a very sloppy way.  For instance, if there are any color bars
 +on the screen in a game or demo, the colors often jitter a bit,
 +e.g. they are not stable.  And also, it is far too easy to make
 +virtually any demo crash by hitting the Restore key, or at least cause
 +visual distortions on the screen.
 +
 +As late as a year ago I still hadn't coded a stable raster interrupt
 +routine myself.  But then I had to do it, since I was researching the
 +video chip timing details together with my German friend Andreas
 +Boose.  It was ashaming that we had the same level of knowledge when
 +it came to the hardware, but he was the only of us who had written a
 +stable raster routine.  Well, finally I made me to start coding.  I
 +used the same double-interrupt idea as Andreas used in his routine.
 +
 +After a couple of errors my routine worked, and I understood how it
 +works exactly.  (This is something that separates us normal coders
 +from demo people: They often code by instinct; by patching the routine
 +until it works, without knowing exactly what is happening.  That's why
 +demos often rely on weird things, like crash if the memory is not
 +initialized properly.)
 +
 +In this article, I document two methods of creating stable raster
 +routines on Commodore computers.  The principles apply for most 8-bit
 +computers, not only Commodores, but raster effects are very rarely
 +seen on other computers.
 +
 +
 +====== Background ======
 +
 +What are raster effects?  They are effects, where you change the
 +screen appearance while it is being drawn.  For instance, you can set
 +the screen color to white in the top of the screen, and to black in
 +the middle of the screen.  In that way, you will get a picture whose
 +top half is white and bottom half black.  Normally such effects are
 +implemented with interrupt routines that are executed synchronized
 +with the screen refresh.
 +
 +The video chip on the Commodore 64 and many other videochips have a
 +special interrupt feature called the Raster interrupt.  It will
 +generate an IRQ in the beginning of a specified raster line.  On other
 +computers, like the VIC-20, there is no Raster interrupt, but you can
 +generate the interrupts with a timer, provided that the timer and the
 +videochip are clocked from the same source.
 +
 +Even if the processor gets an interrupt signal at the same position on
 +each video frame, it won't always be executing the first instruction
 +of the interrupt routine at the same screen position.  The NMOS 6502
 +machine instructions can take 2 to 9 machine cycles to execute, and if
 +the main program contains instructions of very varying lengths, the
 +beginning position of the interrupt can jump between 7 different
 +positions.  This is why you need to synchronize the raster routine
 +when doing serious effects.
 +
 +Also, executing the interrupt sequence will take 7 additional cycles,
 +and the interrupt sequence will only start after the current
 +instruction if the interrupt arrived at least two cycles before the
 +end of the current instruction.  It is even possible that an interrupt
 +arrives while interrupts are disabled and the processor is just
 +starting to execute a CLI instruction.  Alas, the processor will not
 +jump to the interrupt right after the CLI, but it will execute the
 +next instruction before jumping to it.  This is natural, since the CLI
 +takes only two cycles.  But anyway, this is only a constant in our
 +equation, and actually out of the scope of this article.
 +
 +How to synchronize a raster interrupt routine?  The only way is to
 +check the current screen position and delay appropriately many cycles.
 +There are several ways of doing this, some of which are very awful and
 +inefficient.  The ugliest ways of doing this on the Commodore 64 I
 +know are busy-waiting several raster lines and polling the raster line
 +value, or using the Light pen feature, which will fail if the user
 +presses the fire button on Joystick port 1.  Here I will present two
 +ways, both very elegant in my opinion.
 +
 +
 +====== Using an auxiliary timer ======
 +
 +
 +On the VIC-20, there is no Raster interrupt feature in the video chip.
 +All you can do is to use a timer for generating raster interrupts.
 +And if you use two timers running at a constant phase difference, you
 +can get full synchronization.  The first timer generates the raster
 +interrupt, and the second timer, the auxiliary timer, tells the raster
 +routine where it is running.  Actually you could even use the first
 +timer also for the checking, but the code will look nicer in the way I
 +will be presenting now.  Besides, you can use the auxiliary timer idea
 +even when real raster interrupts are available.
 +
 +The major drawback of using an auxiliary timer is initializing it.
 +The initialization routine must synchronize with the screen, that is,
 +wait for the beginning of the wanted raster line.  To accomplish this,
 +the routine must first wait for a raster line that occurs a bit
 +earlier.  About the only way to do this is with a loop like
 +
 +<code>
 +                LDA #value
 +        loop    CMP raster
 +                BNE loop
 +</code>
 +
 +One round of this loop will take 4+3=7 cycles to execute, assuming
 +that absolute addressing is being used.  The loop will be finished if
 +the raster register contains the wanted value while the processor
 +reads it on the last cycle of the CMP instruction.  The raster
 +register can actually have changed already on the first cycle of the
 +BNE instruction on the previous run of the loop, that is 7 cycles
 +earlier!
 +
 +Because of this, the routine must poll the raster register for several
 +raster lines, always consuming one cycle more if the raster register
 +changed too early.  As the synchronization can be off at most by 7
 +cycles, a loop of 7 raster register value changes would do, but I made
 +the loop a bit longer in my VIC-20 routine.  (Well, I have to admit it,
 +I was too lazy to make it work only with 7 rounds.)
 +
 +After the initialization routine is fully synchronized the screen, it
 +can set up the timer(s) and interrupts and exit.  The auxiliary timer
 +in my VIC-20 demo routine is several dozens of cycles after the
 +primary timer, see the source code for comments.  It is arranged so
 +that the auxiliary timer will be at least 0 when it is being read in
 +the raster routine.  The raster routine will wait as many extra cycles
 +as the auxiliary timer reads, however at most 15 cycles.
 +
 +
 +====== Using double raster interrupt ======
 +
 +
 +On the Commodore 64, I have never seen the auxiliary timer scheme
 +being used.  Actually I haven't seen it being used anywhere, I was
 +probably the first one who made a stable raster interrupt routine on
 +the VIC-20.  Instead, the double interrupt method is becoming the
 +standard on the C64 side.
 +
 +The double interrupt method is based entirely on the Raster interrupt
 +feature of the video chip.  In the first raster interrupt routine, the
 +program sets up another raster interrupt on a further line, changes
 +the interrupt vector and enables interrupts.
 +
 +In the place where the second raster interrupt will occur, there will
 +be 2-byte instructions in the first interrupt routine.  In this way,
 +the beginning of the next raster interrupt will be off at most by one
 +cycle.  Some coders might not care about this one cycle, but if you
 +can do it right, why wouldn't you do it right until the end?
 +
 +At the beginning of the second raster interrupt routine, you will read
 +the raster line counter register at the point where it is about to
 +change.  When the raster routine is being executed, there are two
 +possibilities: Either the raster counter has just changed, or it will
 +change on the next cycle.  So, you just need to compare if the
 +register changed one cycle too early or not, and delay a cycle when
 +needed.  This is easily accomplished with a branch to the next address.
 +
 +Of course, somewhere in your second raster interrupt routine you must
 +restore the original raster interrupt position and set the interrupt
 +vector to point to the first interrupt routine.
 +
 +
 +====== Applying in practice ======
 +
 +
 +I almost forgot my complaints about demos crashing when you actively
 +hit the Restore key.  On the VIC-20, you can disable NMI interrupts
 +generated by the Restore key, and on the C64, you can generate an NMI
 +interrupt with the CIA2 timer and leave the NMI-line low, so that no
 +further high-to-low transitions will be recognized on the line.  The
 +example programs demonstrate how to do this.
 +
 +So far, this article has been pretty theoretical.  To apply these
 +results in practice, you must definitely know how many CPU clock
 +cycles the video chip consumes while drawing a scan line.  This is
 +fairly easy to measure with a timer interrupt, if you patch the
 +interrupt handler so that it changes the screen color on each run.
 +Set the timer interval to LINES*COLUMNS cycles, where LINES is the
 +amount of raster lines and COLUMNS is your guess for the amount of
 +clock cycles spent in a raster line.
 +
 +If your guess is right, the color will always be changed in the same
 +screen position (neglecting the 7-cycle jitter).  When adjusting the
 +timer, remember that the timers on the 6522 VIA require 2 cycles for
 +re-loading, and the ones on the 6526 CIA need one extra cycle.  Keep
 +trying different timer values until you the screen color changes at
 +one fixed position.
 +
 +Commodore used several different values for LINES and COLUMNS on its
 +videochips.  They never managed to make the screen refresh rate
 +exactly 50 or 60 Hertz, but they didn't hesitate to claim that their
 +computers comply with the PAL-B or NTSC-M standards.  In the following
 +tables I have gathered some information of some Commodore video chips.
 +
 +<code>
 +  NTSC-M systems:
 +
 +            Chip      Crystal  Dot      Processor Cycles/ Lines/
 +    Host    ID        freq/Hz  clock/Hz clock/Hz  line    frame
 +    ------  --------  -------- -------- --------- ------- ------
 +    VIC-20  6560-101  14318181  4090909   1022727      65    261
 +    C64     6567R56A  14318181  8181818   1022727      64    262
 +    C64     6567R8    14318181  8181818   1022727      65    263
 +
 +  Later NTSC-M video chips were most probably like the 6567R8.  Note
 +  that the processor clock is a 14th of the crystal frequency on all
 +  NTSC-M systems.
 +
 +  PAL-B systems:
 +
 +            Chip      Crystal  Dot      Processor Cycles/ Lines/
 +    Host    ID        freq/Hz  clock/Hz clock/Hz  line    frame
 +    ------  --------  -------- -------- --------- ------- ------
 +    VIC-20  6561-101   4433618  4433618   1108405      71    312
 +    C64     6569      17734472  7881988    985248      63    312
 +
 +  On the PAL-B VIC-20, the crystal frequency is simultaneously the dot
 +  clock, which is BTW a 4th of the crystal frequency used on the C64.
 +  On the C64, the crystal frequency is divided by 18 to generate the
 +  processor clock, which in turn is multiplied by 8 to generate the
 +  dot clock.
 +
 +  The basic timings are the same on all 6569 revisions, and also on
 +  any later C64 and C128 video chips.  If I remember correctly, these
 +  values were the same on the C16 videochip TED as well.
 +</code>
 +
 +Note that the dot clock is 4 times the processor clock on the VIC-20,
 +and 8 times that on the C64.  That is, one processor cycle is half a
 +character wide on the VIC-20, and a full character on a C64.  I don't
 +have exact measurements of the VIC-20 timing, but it seems that while
 +the VIC-20 videochips draw the characters on the screen, it first
 +reads the character code, and then, on the following video cycle, the
 +appearance on the current character line.  There are no bad lines,
 +like on the C64, where the character codes (and colors) are fetched on
 +every 8th raster line.
 +
 +Those ones who got upset when I said that Commodore has never managed
 +to make a fully PAL-B or NTSC-M compliant 8-bit computer should take a
 +closer look at the "Lines/frame" columns.  If that does not convince
 +you, calculate the raster line rate and the screen refresh rate from
 +the values in the table and see that they don't comply with the
 +standards.  To calculate the line rate, divide the processor clock
 +frequency by the amount of cycles per line.  To get the screen refresh
 +rate, divide that frequency by the amount of raster lines.
 +
 +
 +====== The Code ======
 +
 +OK, enough theory and background.  Here are the two example programs,
 +one for the VIC-20 and one for the C64.  In order to fully understand
 +them, you need to know the exact execution times of NMOS 6502
 +instructions.  (All 8-bit Commodore computers use the NMOS 6502
 +processor core, except the C65 prototype, which used a inferior CMOS
 +version with all nice poorly-documented features removed.)  You should
 +check the 64doc document, available on my WWW pages at
 +http://www.hut.fi/~msmakela/cbm/emul/x64/64doc.html, or via FTP at
 +ftp.funet.fi:/pub/cbm/documents/64doc.  I can also e-mail it to you on
 +request.
 +
 +Also, I have written a complete description of the video timing on the
 +6567R56A, 6567R8 and 6569 video chips, which could maybe be turned
 +into another C=Hacking article.  The document is currently partially
 +in English and partially in German.  The English part is available
 +from ftp.funet.fi as /pub/cbm/documents/pal.timing, and I can send
 +copies of the German part (screen resolution, sprite disturbance
 +measurements, and more precise timing information) via e-mail.
 +
 +The code is written for the DASM assembler, or more precisely for a
 +extended ANSI C port of it made by Olaf Seibert.  This excellent
 +cross-assembler is available at ftp.funet.fi in /pub/cbm/programming.
 +
 +First the raster demo for the VIC-20.  Note that on the VIC-20, the
 +$9004 register contains the upper 8 bits of the raster counter.  So,
 +this register changes only on every second line.  I have tested the
 +program on my 6561-101-based VIC-20, but not on an NTSC-M system.
 +
 +It was hard to get in contact with NTSC-M VIC-20 owners.  Daniel
 +Dallmann, who has a NTSC-M VIC-20, although he lives in Germany, ran
 +my test to determine the amount of cycles per line and lines per frame
 +on the 6560-101.  Unfortunately, the second VIA of his VIC-20 is
 +partially broken, and because of this, this program did not work on
 +his computer.  Craig Bruce ran the program once, and he reported that
 +it almost worked.  I corrected a little bug in the code, so that now
 +the display should be stable on an NTSC-M system, too.  But the actual
 +raster effect, six 16*16-pixel boxes centered at the top border, are
 +very likely to be off their position.
 +
 +<code>
 +  processor 6502
 +
 +NTSC    = 1
 +PAL     = 2
 +
 +;SYSTEM = NTSC  ; 6560-101: 65 cycles per raster line, 261 lines
 +SYSTEM  = PAL   ; 6561-101: 71 cycles per raster line, 312 lines
 +
 +#if SYSTEM & PAL
 +LINES = 312
 +CYCLES_PER_LINE = 71
 +#endif
 +#if SYSTEM & NTSC
 +LINES = 261
 +CYCLES_PER_LINE = 65
 +#endif
 +TIMER_VALUE = LINES * CYCLES_PER_LINE - 2
 +
 +  .org $1001    ; for the unexpanded Vic-20
 +
 +; The BASIC line
 +
 +basic:
 +  .word 0$      ; link to next line
 +  .word 1995    ; line number
 +  .byte $9E     ; SYS token
 +
 +; SYS digits
 +
 +  .if (* + 8) / 10000
 +  .byte $30 + (* + 8) / 10000
 +  .endif
 +  .if (* + 7) / 1000
 +  .byte $30 + (* + 7) % 10000 / 1000
 +  .endif
 +  .if (* + 6) / 100
 +  .byte $30 + (* + 6) % 1000 / 100
 +  .endif
 +  .if (* + 5) / 10
 +  .byte $30 + (* + 5) % 100 / 10
 +  .endif
 +  .byte $30 + (* + 4) % 10
 +0$:
 +  .byte 0,0,0   ; end of BASIC program
 +
 +start:
 +  lda #$7f
 +  sta $912e     ; disable and acknowledge interrupts
 +  sta $912d
 +  sta $911e     ; disable NMIs (Restore key)
 +
 +;synchronize with the screen
 +sync:
 +  ldx #28       ; wait for this raster line (times 2)
 +0$:
 +  cpx $9004
 +  bne 0$        ; at this stage, the inaccuracy is 7 clock cycles
 +                ; the processor is in this place 2 to 9 cycles
 +                ; after $9004 has changed
 +  ldy #9
 +  bit $24
 +1$:
 +  ldx $9004
 +  txa
 +  bit $24
 +#if SYSTEM & PAL
 +  ldx #24
 +#endif
 +#if SYSTEM & NTSC
 +  bit $24
 +  ldx #21
 +#endif
 +  dex
 +  bne *-1       ; first spend some time (so that the whole
 +  cmp $9004     ; loop will be 2 raster lines)
 +  bcs *+2       ; save one cycle if $9004 changed too late
 +  dey
 +  bne 1$
 +                ; now it is fully synchronized
 +                ; 6 cycles have passed since last $9004 change
 +                ; and we are on line 2(28+9)=74
 +
 +;initialize the timers
 +timers:
 +  lda #$40      ; enable Timer A free run of both VIAs
 +  sta $911b
 +  sta $912b
 +
 +  lda #<TIMER_VALUE
 +  ldx #>TIMER_VALUE
 +  sta $9116     ; load the timer low byte latches
 +  sta $9126
 +
 +#if SYSTEM & PAL
 +  ldy #7        ; make a little delay to get the raster effect to the
 +  dey           ; right place
 +  bne *-1
 +  nop
 +  nop
 +#endif
 +#if SYSTEM & NTSC
 +  ldy #6
 +  dey
 +  bne *-1
 +  bit $24
 +#endif
 +
 +  stx $9125     ; start the IRQ timer A
 +                ; 6560-101: 65 cycles from $9004 change
 +                ; 6561-101: 77 cycles from $9004 change
 +  ldy #10       ; spend some time (1+5*9+4=55 cycles)
 +  dey           ; before starting the reference timer
 +  bne *-1
 +  stx $9115     ; start the reference timer
 +
 +pointers:
 +  lda #<irq     ; set the raster IRQ routine pointer
 +  sta $314
 +  lda #>irq
 +  sta $315
 +  lda #$c0
 +  sta $912e     ; enable Timer A underflow interrupts
 +  rts           ; return
 +
 +irq:
 +; irq (event)   ; > 7 + at least 2 cycles of last instruction (9 to 16 total)
 +; pha           ; 3
 +; txa           ; 2
 +; pha           ; 3
 +; tya           ; 2
 +; pha           ; 3
 +; tsx           ; 2
 +; lda $0104,  ; 4
 +; and #xx       ; 2
 +; beq           ; 3
 +; jmp ($314)    ; 5
 +                ; ---
 +                ; 38 to 45 cycles delay at this stage
 +
 +  lda $9114     ; get the NMI timer A value
 +                ; (42 to 49 cycles delay at this stage)
 +; sta $1e00     ; uncomment these if you want to monitor
 +; ldy $9115     ; the reference timer on the screen
 +; sty $1e01
 +  cmp #8        ; are we more than 7 cycles ahead of time?
 +  bcc 0$
 +  pha           ; yes, spend 8 extra cycles
 +  pla
 +  and #7        ; and reset the high bit
 +0$:
 +  cmp #4
 +  bcc 1$
 +  bit $24       ; waste 4 cycles
 +  and #3
 +1$:
 +  cmp #2        ; spend the rest of the cycles
 +  bcs *+2
 +  bcs *+2
 +  lsr
 +  bcs *+2       ; now it has taken 82 cycles from the beginning of the IRQ
 +
 +effect:
 +  ldy #16       ; perform amazing video effect
 +  lda $900f
 +  tax
 +  eor #$f7
 +0$:
 +  sta $900f
 +  stx $900f
 +  sta $900f
 +  stx $900f
 +  sta $900f
 +  stx $900f
 +  sta $900f
 +  stx $900f
 +  sta $900f
 +  stx $900f
 +  sta $900f
 +  stx $900f
 +  pha
 +  pla
 +#if SYSTEM & PAL
 +  pha
 +  pla
 +  nop
 +#endif
 +#if SYSTEM & NTSC
 +  bit $24
 +#endif
 +  nop
 +  dey
 +  bne 0$        ; end of amazing video effect
 +
 +  jmp $eabf     ; return to normal IRQ
 +</code>
 +
 +And after you have recovered from the chock of seeing a VIC-20
 +program, here is an example for the C64.  It does also something
 +noteworthy; it removes the side borders on a normal screen while
 +displaying all eight sprites.  Well, it cannot remove the borders on
 +bad lines, and the bad lines look pretty bad.  But I could use the
 +program for what I wanted: I measured the sprite distortions on all
 +videochip types I had at hand.  (FYI: the sprites 0-2 get distorted at
 +the very right of the screen, and the sprites 6 and 7 are invisible at
 +the very left of the screen.  You will need a monitor with horizontal
 +size controls to witness these effects.)
 +
 +This program is really robust, it installs itself nicely to the
 +interrupt routine chain.  It even has an entry point for deinstalling
 +itself.  But in its robustness it uses self-modifying code to store
 +the original interrupt routine address. :-)
 +
 +The code also relies on the page boundaries in being where they are.
 +The cycles are counted so that the branches "irqloop" must take 4
 +cycles.  If the "irqloop" comes to the same CPU page with the branch
 +instructions, you must add one cycle to the loop in a way or another.
 +When coding the routine, I noticed again how stupid assembly coding
 +can be, especially conditional assembling.  In a machine language
 +monitor you have far better control on page boundaries.  BTW, you
 +might wonder why I disable the Restore key in a subroutine at the end
 +and not in the beginning of the program.  Well, the routine was so
 +long that it would have affected the "irqloop" page boundaries.  And I
 +didn't want to risk the modified programs working on all three
 +different videochip types on the first try.
 +
 +
 +In the code, there are some comments that document the video timing,
 +like this one:
 +<code>
 +;3s4s5s6s7srrrrrgggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg--||0s1s2s Phi-1 VIC-II
 +;ssssssssss                                               ||ssssss Phi-2 VIC-II
 +;==========xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx||XXX====== Phi-2 6510
 +;          ^ now we are here
 +</code>
 +
 +The two vertical bars "|" denote optional cycles.  On PAL-B systems
 +(63 cycles per line), they are not present.  On 6567R56A, which has 64
 +cycles per line, there is one additional cycle on this position, and
 +the 6567R8 has two additional cycles there.
 +
 +The numbers 0 through 7 are sprite pointer fetches (from the end of
 +the character matrix, e.g. the text screen), the "s" characters denote
 +sprite image fetches, the "r"s are memory refresh, and the "g" are
 +graphics fetches.  The two idle video chip cycles are marked with "-".
 +On the processor timing line, the "=" signs show halted CPU, "x" means
 +free bus, and "X" means that the processor will be halted at once,
 +unless it is performing write cycles.
 +
 +<code>
 +  processor 6502
 +
 +; Select the video timing (processor clock cycles per raster line)
 +CYCLES = 65     ; 6567R8 and above, NTSC-M
 +;CYCLES = 64    ; 6567R5 6A, NTSC-M
 +;CYCLES = 63    ; 6569 (all revisions), PAL-B
 +
 +cinv = $314
 +cnmi = $318
 +raster = 52     ; start of raster interrupt
 +m = $fb         ; zero page variable
 +
 +  .org $801
 +basic:
 +  .word 0$      ; link to next line
 +  .word 1995    ; line number
 +  .byte $9E     ; SYS token
 +
 +; SYS digits
 +
 +  .if (* + 8) / 10000
 +  .byte $30 + (* + 8) / 10000
 +  .endif
 +  .if (* + 7) / 1000
 +  .byte $30 + (* + 7) % 10000 / 1000
 +  .endif
 +  .if (* + 6) / 100
 +  .byte $30 + (* + 6) % 1000 / 100
 +  .endif
 +  .if (* + 5) / 10
 +  .byte $30 + (* + 5) % 100 / 10
 +  .endif
 +  .byte $30 + (* + 4) % 10
 +
 +0$:
 +  .byte 0,0,0   ; end of BASIC program
 +
 +start:
 +  jmp install
 +  jmp deinstall
 +
 +install:        ; install the raster routine
 +  jsr restore   ; Disable the Restore key (disable NMI interrupts)
 +checkirq:
 +  lda cinv      ; check the original IRQ vector
 +  ldx cinv+1    ; (to avoid multiple installation)
 +  cmp #<irq1
 +  bne irqinit
 +  cpx #>irq1
 +  beq skipinit
 +irqinit:
 +  sei
 +  sta oldirq    ; store the old IRQ vector
 +  stx oldirq+1
 +  lda #<irq1
 +  ldx #>irq1
 +  sta cinv      ; set the new interrupt vector
 +  stx cinv+1
 +skipinit:
 +  lda #$1b
 +  sta $d011     ; set the raster interrupt location
 +  lda #raster
 +  sta $d012
 +  ldx #$e
 +  clc
 +  adc #3
 +  tay
 +  lda #0
 +  sta m
 +0$:
 +  lda m
 +  sta $d000,  ; set the sprite X
 +  adc #24
 +  sta m
 +  tya
 +  sta $d001,  ; and Y coordinates
 +  dex
 +  dex
 +  bpl 0$
 +  lda #$7f
 +  sta $dc0d     ; disable timer interrupts
 +  sta $dd0d
 +  ldx #1
 +  stx $d01a     ; enable raster interrupt
 +  lda $dc0d     ; acknowledge CIA interrupts
 +  lsr $d019     ; and video interrupts
 +  ldy #$ff
 +  sty $d015     ; turn on all sprites
 +  cli
 +  rts
 +
 +deinstall:
 +  sei           ; disable interrupts
 +  lda #$1b
 +  sta $d011     ; restore text screen mode
 +  lda #$81
 +  sta $dc0d     ; enable Timer A interrupts on CIA 1
 +  lda #0
 +  sta $d01a     ; disable video interrupts
 +  lda oldirq
 +  sta cinv      ; restore old IRQ vector
 +  lda oldirq+1
 +  sta cinv+1
 +  bit $dd0d     ; re-enable NMI interrupts
 +  cli
 +  rts
 +
 +; Auxiliary raster interrupt (for syncronization)
 +irq1:
 +; irq (event)   ; > 7 + at least 2 cycles of last instruction (9 to 16 total)
 +; pha           ; 3
 +; txa           ; 2
 +; pha           ; 3
 +; tya           ; 2
 +; pha           ; 3
 +; tsx           ; 2
 +; lda $0104,  ; 4
 +; and #xx       ; 2
 +; beq           ; 3
 +; jmp ($314)    ; 5
 +                ; ---
 +                ; 38 to 45 cycles delay at this stage
 +  lda #<irq2
 +  sta cinv
 +  lda #>irq2
 +  sta cinv+1
 +  nop           ; waste at least 12 cycles
 +  nop           ; (up to 64 cycles delay allowed here)
 +  nop
 +  nop
 +  nop
 +  nop
 +  inc $d012     ; At this stage, $d012 has already been incremented by one.
 +  lda #1
 +  sta $d019     ; acknowledge the first raster interrupt
 +  cli           ; enable interrupts (the second interrupt can now occur)
 +  ldy #9
 +  dey
 +  bne *-1       ; delay
 +  nop           ; The second interrupt will occur while executing these
 +  nop           ; two-cycle instructions.
 +  nop
 +  nop
 +  nop
 +oldirq = * + 1  ; Placeholder for self-modifying code
 +  jmp *         ; Return to the original interrupt
 +
 +; Main raster interrupt
 +irq2:
 +; irq (event)   ; 7 + 2 or 3 cycles of last instruction (9 or 10 total)
 +; pha           ; 3
 +; txa           ; 2
 +; pha           ; 3
 +; tya           ; 2
 +; pha           ; 3
 +; tsx           ; 2
 +; lda $0104,  ; 4
 +; and #xx       ; 2
 +; beq           ; 3
 +; jmp (cinv)    ; 5
 +                ; ---
 +                ; 38 or 39 cycles delay at this stage
 +  lda #<irq1
 +  sta cinv
 +  lda #>irq1
 +  sta cinv+1
 +  ldx $d012
 +  nop
 +#if CYCLES - 63
 +#if CYCLES - 64
 +  nop           ; 6567R8, 65 cycles/line
 +  bit $24
 +#else
 +  nop           ; 6567R56A, 64 cycles/line
 +  nop
 +#endif
 +#else
 +  bit $24       ; 6569, 63 cycles/line
 +#endif
 +  cpx $d012     ; The comparison cycle is executed CYCLES or CYCLES+1 cycles
 +                ; after the interrupt has occurred.
 +  beq *+2       ; Delay by one cycle if $d012 hadn't changed.
 +                ; Now exactly CYCLES+3 cycles have passed since the interrupt.
 +  dex
 +  dex
 +  stx $d012     ; restore original raster interrupt position
 +  ldx #1
 +  stx $d019     ; acknowledge the raster interrupt
 +  ldx #2
 +  dex
 +  bne *-1
 +  nop
 +  nop
 +  lda #20       ; set the amount of raster lines-1 for the loop
 +  sta m
 +  ldx #$c8
 +irqloop:
 +  ldy #2
 +  dey
 +  bne *-1       ; delay
 +  dec $d016     ; narrow the screen (exact timing required)
 +;3s4s5s6s7srrrrrgggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg--||0s1s2s Phi-1 VIC-II
 +;ssssssssss                                               ||ssssss Phi-2 VIC-II
 +;==========xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx||XXX====== Phi-2 6510
 +;          ^ now we are here
 +  stx $d016     ; expand the screen
 +#if CYCLES - 63
 +#if CYCLES - 64
 +  bit $24       ; 6567R8
 +#else
 +  nop           ; 6567R56A
 +#endif
 +#else
 +  nop           ; 6569
 +#endif
 +  dec m
 +  bmi endirq
 +  clc
 +  lda $d011
 +  sbc $d012
 +  and #7
 +  bne irqloop   ; This instruction takes 4 cycles instead of 3,
 +                ; because the page boundary is crossed.
 +badline:
 +  dec m
 +  nop
 +  nop
 +  nop
 +  nop
 +  dec $d016
 +;3s4s5s6s7srrrrrgggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg--||0s1s2s Phi-1 VIC-II
 +;ssssssssss    cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc   ||ssssss Phi-2 VIC-II
 +;==========xXXX========================================||***====== Phi-2 6510
 +;          ^ we are here
 +  stx $d016
 +;3s4s5s6s7srrrrrgggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg--||0s1s2s Phi-1 VIC-II
 +;ssssssssss                                               ||ssssss Phi-2 VIC-II
 +;==========xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx||XXX====== Phi-2 6510
 +;          ^ ^^- we are here (6569)
 +;          | \- or here (6567R56A)
 +;          \- or here (6567R8)
 +  ldy #2
 +  dey
 +  bne *-1
 +  nop
 +  nop
 +#if CYCLES - 63
 +#if CYCLES - 64
 +  nop           ; 6567R8, 65 cycles/line
 +  nop
 +  nop
 +#else
 +  bit $24       ; 6567R56A, 64 cycles/line
 +#endif
 +#else
 +  nop           ; 6569, 63 cycles/line
 +#endif
 +  dec m
 +  bpl irqloop   ; This is a 4-cycle branch (page boundary crossed)
 +endirq:
 +  jmp $ea81     ; return to the auxiliary raster interrupt
 +
 +restore:        ; disable the Restore key
 +  lda cnmi
 +  ldy cnmi+1
 +  pha
 +  lda #<nmi     ; Set the NMI vector
 +  sta cnmi
 +  lda #>nmi
 +  sta cnmi+1
 +  ldx #$81
 +  stx $dd0d     ; Enable CIA 2 Timer A interrupt
 +  ldx #0
 +  stx $dd05
 +  inx
 +  stx $dd04     ; Prepare Timer A to count from 1 to 0.
 +  ldx #$dd
 +  stx $dd0e     ; Cause an interrupt.
 +nmi = * + 1
 +  lda #$40      ; RTI placeholder
 +  pla
 +  sta cnmi
 +  sty cnmi+1    ; restore original NMI vector (although it won't be used)
 +  rts
 +</code>
  
base/making_stable_raster_routines.txt · Last modified: 2015-04-17 04:32 by 127.0.0.1