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base:triangle_waveform [2015-04-17 04:34] (current) – created - external edit 127.0.0.1
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 +====== Examination of SID triangle waveform ======
 +
 +===== Data recorded on the triangle waveform ($10) =====
 +
 +The data are recorded using a REU. The recording is done like this:
 +<code>
 +        ;* Program 1 *
 +
 + ;Turn off screen and sprites
 +
 + ...
 +
 + ;Set frequency of voice 3
 +
 + LDA #<freq
 + LDX #>freq
 + STA $D40E
 + STX $D40F
 +
 + ;Reset waveform
 +
 + LDA #$08 ;Set test bit
 + STA $D412
 +
 + ;Setup REU to sample register $D41B for $10000 cycles
 +
 + ...
 +
 + ;Start recording
 +
 + LDA #$10 ;Waveform: Triangle
 + LDX #%1001000 ;REU-command: Start transfer
 + STA $D412 ;Start waveform
 + STX $DF01 ;Start transfer
 +
 + ...
 +</code>
 +Furthermore, a construct like this is used to get a value from the waveform as fast as possible (via software) from the SID:
 +<code>
 + ;* Program 2 *
 +
 + ...
 +
 + LDA #$10
 + STA $D412 ;Start waveform
 + LDA $D41B ;Record early value
 + STA Haps ;Save value
 +
 + ...
 +</code>
 +The table below summarizes the recordings (all values in hex):
 +<code>
 +Frequency  Haps REU
 +
 +8000    04   05 06 07 ... FD FE FF FF FE ... 01 00 00 01 ...
 +4000       02   02 03 03 04 04 ...
 +2000       01   01 01 01 02 02 02 02 03 03 03 03 04 ...
 +1000       00   00 00 00 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 02 ...
 +FFFF       07   09 0B 0D 0F 11 13 15 17
 +DEAD       06   08 0A 0C 0D 0F 11 13 14 16 18 1A 1B 1D 1F 21 22 24 26
 +                28 29 2B 2D 2E 30 32 34 35 37 39 3B 3C 3E 40 42 43 45
 +                47 49 4A 4C 4E 50 51 53 55 56 58 5A 5C 5D 5F 61 63 64
 +</code>
 +Legend:
 +  * Frequency is the value stored to $D40E and $D40F.
 +  * Haps is the value of the Haps variable from program 2.
 +  * REU is the data collected with the REU after running program 1.
 +
 +Conclusion: The triangle waveform starts with value $00 and goes to $ff linearly. Then it goes from $ff to $00 linearly.
 +
 +
 +(As a sidenote, I'll mention that the data for the sawtooth waveform at frequency $8000 is Haps= 02, REU= 02 03 03 04 04 ... FE FE FF FF 00 00 01 01 ...) 
 +
 +The Haps variable is the value of the waveform on one cycle earlier than the REU starts recording.
 +
 +Further data used to investigate the frequency/waveform mapping:
 +<code>
 +Frequency
 +      Haps+REU, Number of this*value
 +
 +0001  7FFC*00 8000*01 8000*02 ...
 +0002  3FFC*00 4000*01 4000*02 ...
 +0003  2AA7*00 2AAB*01 2AAA*02 2AAB*03
 +0004  1FFC*00 2000*01 2000*02 ...
 +0005  1996*00 199A*01 1999*02 199A*03 1999*04
 +0006  1552*00 1555*01 1555*02 1556*03 1555*04 1555*05 1556*06
 +0007  1245*00 1249*01 1249*02 1249*03 1249*04 1249*05 1249*06 124A*07
 +      1249*08
 +0008  0FFC*00 1000*01 1000*02 ...
 +0009  0E35*00 0E39*01 0E39*02
 +000A  0CC9*00 0CCD*01
 +000B  0B9F*00
 +</code>
 +Legend:
 +  * Frequency is the value stored to $D40E and $D40F.
 +  * Haps+REU is the contents of the Haps variable from program 2 and the contents of the REU after running program 1.
 +  * The format is number of times of repeation * value. (i.e. 7FFC*00 means that the value "00" repeated $7FFC times after each other in the data. 0003*FE 0004*DE would mean this sequence of data was recorded: FE FE FE DE DE DE DE. The first FE would come from the variable Haps, while the rest would be obtained with the REU.)
 +
 +Conclusion: We know that with the STA $D412; LDA $D41B construct, A contains the value of the waveform after 4 cycles. This is consistence with the observation that the number of times the value $00 appears generally is 4 lower than the number of times the other values appear.
 +
 +The overall behaviour can thus be simulated with this C-program:
 +<code>
 +void Triangle(long Frequency) {
 +  long Cycle; /* Count of Phi2 cycles */
 +
 +  long Delay= 0x8000;
 +  long Counter= 0; /* Initial value is 0 */
 +
 +  for (Cycle=0; ;Cycle= Cycle+1) {
 +
 +    /* Build waveform: Triangle */
 +    if (Counter  256)
 +      Waveform[cycle]= Counter;
 +    else
 +      Waveform[cycle]= 511- Counter;
 +
 +    /*
 +      For the sawtooth waveform, use:
 +
 +      Waveform[Cycle]= Counter / 2;
 +    */
 +
 +    /* Handle frequency-function */
 +    Delay = Delay- Frequency;
 +
 +    /* Frequency overflow? */
 +    while (Delay =0 ) do {
 +      /* For frequencies above $8000, this will be executed twice */
 +
 +      Delay = Delay + 0x8000;
 +
 +      /* Calculate new value for waveform */
 +      Counter= (Counter+1) % 512; /* Keep in range 0..511 */
 +    }
 +  }
 +}
 +</code>
 +The above program (when checked) is only capable of reproducing the output of register $1B. We can't be sure that the true output of pin 27 of the SID is the same. In this respect, there are two issues:
 +
 +  * Is the output digital and 8 bit?
 +  * Is the output aligned to the ø2 clock?
 +
 +===== Is the output digital and 8 bit? =====
 +
 +People have used oscilloscopes and concluded that this is the output is digital and probably 8 bit. This can also be checked with this program, if you have decent audio-equipment:
 +<code>
 + jsr $e544 ;Clear screen
 +
 + ldx #0
 + stx $d021       ;Background color black
 + stx $d020 ;Border black
 + ;(The black color reduces noise with my equipment)
 +
 + lda #11 ;As of request from Andreas with kernal R2 :-)
 +col sta $d800,x ;Character color dark grey
 + inx
 + bne col
 +
 + lda #$01 ;Frequency 1
 + sta $d40e
 + lda #$00
 + sta $d40f
 +
 + lda #$00 ;ADSR:00F0
 + sta $d412
 + lda #$f0
 + sta $d413
 +
 + lda #$81 ;Waveform: Random, changes rarely.
 + ;Change for other waveforms
 + sta $d412
 +
 + lda #$0f ;Max volume: $f
 + sta $d418
 +
 + ldx $d41b
 +loop1 stx temp
 +
 +loop2 ldx $d41b
 + cpx temp
 + bne loop2
 +
 + lda $0400,x ;Display when value changes
 + eor #$80
 + sta $0400,x
 + jmp loop1
 +
 +temp .byte $00
 +</code>
 +
 +Turn up the volume of the TV-set and you can hear the "ticks" when the waveform changes every few seconds. If the ticks happen in alignment with the changes on the screen, the output is digital and 8 bit.
 +
 +You can also try other waveforms (substitute the lda #$81 with lda #$11 for triangle or lda #$21 for sawtooth. Pulse ($41) requires definition of the pulse width in $d410 and $d411), but these are all much faster and/or the changes in the waveform are small, so it is not as easy to hear the distinct ticks.
 +
 +===== Is the output aligned to the ø2 clock? =====
 +
 +This is an open question as of now (23 Mar 1995 :-)). My feeling is that the output is aligned, but this is only a feeling based on the fact that, all, the SID has available to synchronize with, is the ø2 feed.
 +
 +I believe examination of this requires an oscilloscope, which I have no access to.
 +What should be done is to display the ø2 clock along with the pin 27 output with a triangle waveform at frequency $ffff (Just modify the above program to use frequency $ffff and triangle waveform). If the waveform change only once every ø2 cycle, the output is ø2 aligned and thus "skipping values". If not, the waveform would change twice every ø2 cycle and thus display all 256 values. If this is the case, I have further studies to be done to clarify whether the output is happening in a discrete partition of the ø2 cycle.
 +
 +Observation: If you record the data of the waveform with a structure like this:
 +<code>
 + ...
 +
 + lda #$08 ;Reset waveform: Test bit is 1.
 + sta $d412
 +
 + lda #$00 ;Frequency $8000
 + sta $d40e
 + lda #$80
 + sta $d40f
 +
 + ...
 +
 + ldy #$00 ;Clear test bit
 + lda #$10 ;Waveform triangle
 + ldx #$90 ;REU command
 + sty $d412 ;The difference!
 + sta $d412
 + stx $df01
 +</code>
 +the recorded data are all 4 cycles behind! I.e. the first value in the REU data is not $05, but $09. The similar thing happens if you use the capture in program 2: Instead of getting $04, you get $08. The 4 cycle delay is the time, the sta $d412 takes.
 +
 +If you change the ldy #$00 (test bit=0) to ldy #$08 (test bit=1), the effect disappears, so the conclusion is:
 +  * The triangle counter counts all the time, whether or not the waveform is activated. The counter is held reset to 0 when the test bit is 1 (supposedly), and as soon as the test bit is 0, the counter starts counting.
 +Another explanation, with the same result, is that the counter is reset on falling edge of the test bit.
 +
 +I have not examined whether this is the case for the sawtooth and the pulse waveforms, but my bet is, this is the case.
  
base/triangle_waveform.txt · Last modified: 2015-04-17 04:34 by 127.0.0.1