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+ ######            ######            Issue #15
+   ##################               Version 1.0
+       ########                      April 1998
+(Text Logo design by Mark Lawrence - mark.lawrence@regency.tafe.sa.edu.au)
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+@(#)contents: Table of Contents
+Features
+. Click to Mode Switch:  The 40-80 Mouse switch by Michael Nausch
+      (Reference: hw)
+        You have graduated from a 64 to a "you'll have to pry my dead fingers
+	from the keyboard" 128.  However, your favorite editor works only in
+column mode and your application runs in 80 column mode.  Your
+/80 key is giving you carpal tunnel sybndrome, and you think no end
+	is in sight.  Well, let Michael Nausch relieve some of your problems
+	with this innovative project.
+. The Canonical List of Commodore Produced Products, v2.0 by Jim Brain
+      (Reference: list)
+        In 1994, I decided to determine what specific models of CBM equipment
+	I had in my collection, and I posted the results on the Internet, with
+	some simple questions I had.  Well, responses came in, and thus began
+	the Commodore Products List, aiming to catalog every model and
+	mutation of every product Commodore ever produced.  Extended with
+	information gleaned over the last year, I present version 2.0 of this
+	reference work.
+. Scott Ballantyne : Blazing into Forth - An Interview by Jim Lawless
+      (Reference: forth)
+        Have you ever wondered who wrote the programming language you use
+	for your projects, or why?  Well, for those who have ever used Blazin'
+	FORTH, here's your chance to get the scoop on how the Commodore
+	implementation of FORTH came to be.
+. Technical Information on the VIC-20 by Ward Shrake
+      (Reference: vic)
+        Of the CBM 8-bits, the 64/128 machines garner the most talk and
+	support.  However, the VIC-20 maintains a loyal and devoted following,
+	in spite of living in the shadow of its bigger brothers.  Ward Shrake
+	provides some pin out information and technical notes on the "friendly
+	computer", Commodore's first home computer system.
+Columns
+. Hi Tech Trickery by Sean Adams
+      (Reference: trick)
+        Well, just when you thought everything about the NMOS 65XX line had
+	been documented, exploited, and understood, Sean proves everyone
+	wrong.  Sean discusses a previously unknown side effect of the illegal
+	$AF opcode that turns on extra cicutry in the NMOS code and reduces
+	cycle exuction times by almost half for 3+ cycle opcodes!  Imagine
+	executing an Indirect X EOR (Opcode $41) in 3 cycles.
+. Hacking BASICs by Richard T. Cunningham
+      (Reference: basic)
+        The JAVA community does not have a monopoly on the concept of "write
+	once, run anywhere".  Richard discusses ways to write your BASIC apps
+	so they will run equally well on both the C64 and the C128, while
+	not compromising speed or flexibility.
+. Twiddling the Bits by Frank Kontros
+      (Reference: bits)
+        In this age of 33,600 bps modems with a 56K standard on the way,
+	Getting by with the software UART in the 64 and 128 is even harder
+	to smallow.  In the past, commercial offerings like Swiftlink and the
+	new Turbo232 have offered us hope in the form of a hardware UART
+	replacement.  However, many do-it-youself folks have put together the
+	DataPump circuit by Perry M. Grodzinski.  Well, Frank Kontros has
+	updated this useful circuit with simpler circuitry and an easier
+	layout.
+Departments
+. The (cough, cough) Hacking Editor
+      (Reference: editor)
+. Input/Output
+      (Reference: io)
+. Newsfront
+      (Reference: news)
+. Hacking the Mags
+      (Reference: mags)
+. FIDO's Nuggets
+      (Reference: fido)
+. Hack Surfing
+      (Reference: surf)
+. Commodore Trivia
+      (Reference: trivia)
+. ? DS, DS$: rem The Error Channel
+      (Reference: error)
+. The Next Hack
+      (Reference: next)
+. Hacking the Code
+      (Reference: code)
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+@(#)legal: Commodore Hacking Legal Notice
+Commodore and the respective Commodore product names are trademarks or
+registered trademarks of Amiga Technologies, Inc, Gateway 2000, Inc., or
+Tulip COmputer Corporation.  Commodore Hacking is in no way affiliated with
+any said companies.  Commodore Hacking is published 4 times yearly by:
+Brain Innovations Inc.
+Bruhn Avenue
+Bennington, NE  68007
+The magazine is published on on-line networks free of charge, and a nominal
+fee is charged for alternate mediums of transmission.
+Permission is granted to re-distribute this "net-magazine" or "e-zine" in
+its entirety for non-profit use.  A charge of no more than US$5.00 may be
+charged by redistribution parties to cover printed duplication and no more
+than US$10.00 for other types of duplication to cover duplication and media
+costs for this publication.  If this publications is included in a
+for-profit compilation, this publication must be alternately available
+separately or as part of a non-profit compilation.
+This publication, in regards to its specific ordering and compilations of
+various elements, is copyright (c) 1995-98 by Brain Innovations,
+Incorporated, unless otherwise noted.  Each work in this publication
+retains any and all copyrights pertaining to the individual work's contents.
+For redistribution rights to individual works, please contact the author
+of said work or Brain Innovations, Inc.
+Brain Innovations, Inc. assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions
+in editorial, article, or program listing content.
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+@(#)info: Commodore Hacking Information
+Commodore Hacking is published via the Internet 4 times yearly, and is
+presented in both ISO-8859-1 and HTML versions.  This and previous issues
+can be found at the Commodore Hacking Home Page
+(http://www.jbrain.com/chacking/), as well as via FTP
+(ftp://ftp.jbrain.com/pub/cbm/mags/c=hacking/)
+In addition, the Commodore Hacking mail server can be used to retrieve each
+issue.  To request a copy of an issue, please send the following electronic
+mail message:
+To: ftpmail@mail.jbrain.com
+Subject: FTPMAIL
+Body of Message:
+open
+cd /pub/cbm/mags/c=hacking/
+help
+ascii
+send c=hacking13.txt
+quit
+To retrieve a PKZIP 1.01 archive of the individual articles in Commodore
+Hacking, request the file c=hacking13.zip
+To subscribe to Commodore Hacking and receive new issues as they are
+published, please send the following email message:
+To: listserv@mail.jbrain.com
+Subject: LISTSERV
+Body of Message:
+help
+subscribe chacking-dist Firstname LastName msglen
+review chacking-dist
+quit
+To subscribe to the PKZIP1.01 forma, substitute the following line for the
+subscribe command above:
+subscribe chackzip-dist Firstname LastName msglen
+(msglen is largest size of email message in line you can receive.  Each
+line is roughly 50 characters, so 600 lines is about 30000 bytes.  When
+in doubt, choose 600)
+example:
+subscribe c=hacking-dist Jim Brain 600
+Although no fee is charged for this magazine, donations are gladly accepted
+from corporate and individual concerns.  All moneys will be used to defray
+any administrative costs, subscribe to publications for review, and
+compensate the individual authors contributing to this issue.
+If you can not obtain Commodore Hacking through any other means and wish
+to purchase a copy on disk, please address a check or money order to
+"Jim Brain" and mail to:
+Jim Brain
+Bruhn Avenue
+Bennington, NE  68007
+Disk copies of each issue:                 USD$5.00
+All prices cover only duplication and materials and include shipping in
+the United States.  For disk copies, please specify format:
+Computer     Disk Size     Capacity   Notes
+CBM/PETSCII  5.25 inch     170 kB     1541 format
+kB     1571 format
+.50 inch     800 kB     1581/FD2000 format
+.6 MB     FD2000/FD4000 format
+IBM/ASCII    3.50 inch     720 kB     Double Density
+.4 MB     High Density
+Any persons wishing to author articles for inclusion in Commodore Hacking
+are encouraged to view the submission guidelines on the WWW
+(http://www.jbrain.com/chacking/).
+=========================================================================
+@(#)rch: Reading C=Hacking
+Starting with Issue 11 of Commodore Hacking, the new QuickFind indexing
+system is utilized to aid readers of the text version in navigating the
+magazine.  At the top  of each article or other important place in the
+magazine, a word prefixed with a special string is present.  (See the
+title of this article for an example.)  Throughout the magazine, if an
+article is mentioned, it will be followed by a reference string.  For
+example, if we mentioned this article, we would add (Reference: rch) after
+the name.  By using your favorite editor's search function and searching
+for the string after the word "Reference:", prefixed by the magic prefix
+string, will move you directly to the article of choice.  To merely skip to
+the next article in the magazine, search only for the magic prefix string.
+Some handy indexing strings possibly not referenced anywhere are:
+top      top of issue
+bottom   bottom of issue
+contents table of contents
+legal    legal notice
+For those with access to a UNIX system, the command "what" can be
+run on the issue, which will result in all the article titles being
+printed.
+A slightly different magic prefix string "@(A)" is used to delimit
+sub-topics or main heading in articles.  The text after the magic string
+differs depending on article content.  For the Input/Output column
+(Reference: io), the text after the magic prefix will either be "c" for
+comment, or "r" for response.  In features and columns, a number after
+the prefix indicates the ordinal of that heading or sub-topic in the
+article.  If a specific sub-topic is referenced elsewhere in the article,
+a sub-topic reference will be indicated.  A reference to "@(A)r" would
+be written as "(SubRef: r)".
+As time goes on, the role of this indexing system will be expanded and
+changed to ease navigation of the text version, but minimize the clutter
+added by these extra items.
+=========================================================================
+@(#)editor: The Hacking Editor
+            by Jim Brain (editor@mail.jbrain.com)
+Better Late Than Never
+Unless you've been offline and out of touch for the past year, you've no doubt
+wondered what happened to Commodore Hacking.  Many thought we had given up the
+ghost.  Well, we are still kicking, although a lot has changed in the time
+since issue #14 went out.  Readers deserve an explanation for our absence, but
+I'll try to keep it short.
+The Hacking Headquarters move in '96 delayed issue 13, which delayed issue 14,
+even though I tried unsuccessfully to meet the issue 14 October 1996 deadline.
+I tried to edit issue 15 in January 1997, but stopped due to a low number of
+technical articles.  C=H received some criticism after issue 13 for its
+"diminishing technical content", so I wanted to make sure issue 15 didn't
+disappoint.  The article selection improved by May, but a post in comp.sys.cbm
+caused work to stop, and I didn't pick up the work again until August.  At
+that time, I chatted with Stephen Judd, who motivated me to get back on the
+issue.  However, just when things started rolling again, my wife took ill, and
+that brings us to a few weeks ago.  In short, it's been a trying time for
+your editor, but things are finally looking better.  Not only is the issue
+taking shape, but my wife's illness has a silver lining: a tiny BRAIN will be
+joining us in late July.
+The astute reader have noticed a trend developing, but I'll clarify.  It's
+safe to say I have more than a few CBM projects in progress, Commodore Hacking
+being just one.  The above underscores the fragile nature of my environment at
+present, and I have been warned that chaos will rule starting in August.  So,
+it's time to make some changes.  The delay for this issue is unacceptable to
+me, even considering my explanation, and I do not wish to "kill" the
+publication; I took over editorship expressly to continue this fine journal.
+With this issue, It is with bittersweet feelings that I formally turn the
+editorial office over to Stephen Judd.  I am convinced that Steve can take
+this publication into new territory and satisfy even the most discerning of
+technical reader.  I regret that I can no longer provide this publication with
+the attention it deserves, but I find happiness in returning as a reader and
+"sometimes" article writer, if Steve deems my work worthy of merit :-).  I'll
+comfort myself with issue 16. I'll just print it out and peruse it at my
+leisure.
+Since I still hold the office, I'll introduce our new editor, and hopefully
+set the correct expectations for the future of Commodore Hacking.
+In 1995, when Craig Taylor (the originator of C=H) graduated and inquired
+about a editorial successor, Steve and I both applied.  If memory recalls,
+Steve was active at school, so I took the editorship.  Now, my operating
+environment is less stable.  I rather think of it as "tag team editting".
+Steve brings with him a desire to focus more intently on technical articles
+and projects.  During my tenure as editor, I've tried to create a more
+"balanced" publication, based on the status of CBM publications in 1995, when
+I started.  In fact, Craig Taylor, this publication's originator, applauded
+the changes.  Nontheless, Craig's early work set the tone for this
+publication, and I've been remiss in maintaining the level and number of
+technical articles.  Steve and I still feel the "lighter fare" I've introduced
+has merit, but we think the two should exist in separate publications.  To that
+end, Commodore Hacking will concentrate on delivering plenty of technical
+content, while I am investigating a monthly newsletter publication for the
+less technical items.  This way, the less technical readers won't have to wait
+for three months or more for a new installment of Hack Surfing, but the
+technical readers can concentrate on new algorithms and applications.
+Steve runs with the technical crowd more than I.  This has distinct benefits
+when publishing a technical magazine.  After I took over in 1995, some regular
+C=H writers had to forego authoring for the publication.  That left me
+scrambling to find new talent to write.  Aside from being one of the regular
+contributors, Steve knows many folks with new ideas and concepts that can only
+benefit from publication in this journal.
+So, many changes will accompany issue 16, and I feel confident that most will
+welcome the changes.  However, there are a number of items that will not
+changes:
+Commodore Hacking will always succeed or fail on the quality of its content,
+not Steve's editorship ability.  With this new direction, technical articles
+will comprise the bulk of the publication.  If you enjoy the technical aspects
+of the CBM platform, I ask that you support this journal with an article about
+your insights or discoveries.  It cannot succeed without you.
+www.jbrain.com will continue to host the home page for Commodore Hacking.  I
+will need to retool the site to convert the new issues, but text issues will
+always be available, and you can continue to contact the editor of Commodore
+Hacking at editor@mail.jbrain.com.  In addition, the chacking distributions
+lists will continue to be offered at jbrain.com.  In short, only the editor
+and the style are changing.
+I would like to thank all of you for supporting Commodore Hacking.  In
+addition, I would like to thank the article contributors.  Without you, there
+would be no publication.  And to those who think I am moving on, save your
+concerns.  I am not discontinuing support for Commodore, just making some room
+in my schedule for some family (and baby) time.
+Enjoy YOUR magazine,
+Jim Brain (editor@mail.jbrain.com)
+editor
+=========================================================================
+@(#)io: Input/Output
+Obviously, Commodore Hacking depends on the comments and article
+submissions from the Commodore community to flourish.  Everyone sees the
+articles, but let's not forget those comments.  They are very helpful,
+and every attempt is made to address concerns in them.  Address any
+comments, concerns, or suggestions to:
+Commodore Hacking
+Bruhn Avenue
+Bennington, NE  68007
+editor@mail.jbrain.com (Internet)
+@(A)c: Kudos for the Mag!
+From: Tim Wright <tim.wright@psygnosis.co.uk>
+Dear C=Hacking,
+I've hit the jackpot...
+Browsing the Web under the topic C64 I hit this treasure trove
+of information, all neatly laid out waiting to be downloaded.
+You are a total and utter star!
+Keep up the excellent work.
+Kind Regards,
+Tim.	:-)
+@(A)r:
+Well, <blush> I am not sure I deserve the credit.  I simply package what the
+Commodore technical community offers and disseminate it to the public.  The
+success of Commodore Hacking ahs more to do with the quality of the folks who
+compose the content than the dude that pastes it together.  So, this goes out
+to all the past and present article contributors to Commodore Hacking.
+@(A)c: The "Virtual 1541" Revisited
+From: HOFMAN%NLEV00@btmv56.se.bel.alcatel.be (Peter Hoffman)
+Dear C=Hacking,
+In issue #14 of C=Hacking, there was a small article about a virtual 1541.
+You wrote: "The closest thing as yet is the 64NET package, which allows you to
+load and save programs to the IBM PC hard drive like it was a regular CBM
+drive." I do not agree, I tried an old version of SERVER64, and it comes much
+closer, since it uses the same cable as X1541, so you just need to build a
+cable. 64NET is a bit more complicated.
+I do not know where I got it and who wrote it, but I will look that up. The
+version I have at home, has some flaws, but I used it with a 286-12MHz PC and
+that worked.
+Regards,
+Peter Hofman
+@(A)r:
+We stand corrected.  SERVER64 offers the advantage over 64NET that no code
+modifications are needed to programs to allow them to "see" the virtual drive.
+The downside of SERVER64 is the slow speed of the serial bus (64NET uses a
+parallel cable).  So, users have two choices for a "virtual drive".  For yet
+another offering, see the next letter:
+@(A)c: The "Virtual 1541" Revisited, Part 2
+From: Torsten Paul <paul@os.inf.tu-dresden.de>
+Dear C=Hacking,
+I have good news about your statement about a "Virtual 1541" in Issue 14:
+I've written a program that emulates the standard serial protocol with a PC
+(under DOS). This makes it possible to load files without any special software
+on the C64 side. The only thing needed is a so called 'X1541 cable' to connect
+the C64 to the PC.  It's not possible to load disk sectors or read drive memory
+and for fastloaders there is no chance at all, because there is no
+hardware emulation. But you can transparently access disk images, tape
+images and lynx archives.
+The program is quite new and not very well tested on different
+platforms but it works on my two PCs at home (a 486DX4/100 and a
+really old 386sx/25).
+It's available under 'http://os.inf.tu-dresden.de/~paul/VC1541/'.
+Torsten.
+@(A)r:
+We tahnk you for the information.  So now, users have not one, but three
+choices if they want to use an IBM PC as a glorified file server.  How ironic
+that a PC would be used in such a way.
+@(A)c: Giving Birth to Twins (magazines)
+From: padge@iquest.net (Breelander)
+Dear C=Hacking,
+I'd just like to say that you're doing a terrific job with this mag!
+Also: could you make multiple copies of C=Hacking? (a "small" version
+and a full blown version) I divide my time between Commodores and PC's
+pretty evenly, and since I read your mag on a PC with about 200 megs of
+free space, size is no object to me. So PLEASE! Pack it with stuff!
+-Bree
+@(A)r:
+Well, as we noted above, we appreciate the great reviews, but we really need
+to pass on those congratulations to the authors and contributors.
+As for your request for two versions of Commodore Hacking, your wish has been
+granted, at least in a roundabout way.  Check out "The Hacking Editor"
+(Reference: editor) for details.
+@(A)c: More "First Computer" Stories
+From: Jeff Salzman <jsalzman@catamart.com>
+Dear C=Hacking,
+I read your opening story in C=H #14 and found it quite interesting. I have
+a similar story which tells how I got my first computer (among other things)
+documented at:
+http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Heights/3881/
+'Life of a Computer Techie'
+Please feel free to read it.
+Jeff Salzman
+Salzman's Computer Services
+http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Heights/3881/
+@(A)r:
+Alright, another in the camp of the endlessly sentimental.
+@(A)c: Paging Karl Hildon, Karl Hildon, Please Call the Front Desk!
+From: f.martin17@genie.com
+Dear C=Hacking,
+I sent Email to Karl Hildon via the address you published in the
+C=Hacking#14 KARL@INFORAMP.NET and when it was returned as "user
+unknown" I sent 5 more off with various changes to see if I could
+find a typo..they all came back to me. Is there a different
+address, did I miss something? I'm dying to get ahold of some
+of my missing Transactor Magazines..and would love to pick up
+some of the disks...
+-Martin
+@(A)r:
+Well, it's our fault.  Karl can be reached (last time we checked) at
+karlh@inforamp.net, with an 'H' after KARL.
+@(A)c: CBM Rulez! TI Droolz!
+From: Marcus Ickes <ickes@iglobal.net>
+Dear C=Hacking,
+I read your article on spending your savings on the VIC instead of the
+TI.  When I was 16 years old, I got the TI99/4A, I want to say, you are
+right when you said you were fortunate to get the Commodore computer
+instead.   I learned to program in BASIC and did a good job, but that
+was all I could do.  I got an old C64 a few year ago and I am impressed
+with the engineering that went into it.  It is a very well made
+computer.  If I got that when I was 16, I would have learned much more
+than just BASIC.  Thanks for all your hard work putting out Commodore
+articles.  I'm going to start reading them from the first one and try to
+learn the machine language.
+Marcus Ickes  (ickes@iglobal.net)
+@(A)r:
+Well, in spite of our subject, we don't want to slam the TI folks.  However,
+I am very happy fate brought me and the CBM together at that time.  At the
+time, it seemed like I lost out, but 20/20 hindsight tells a different story.
+@(A)c: "First Computer" Stories, Take 2
+From: Lyle Kopnicky <qseep@ae.net>
+Dear C=Hacking,
+Wow!  I'm excited about your magazine.  My first computer was a C64, which
+lasted from 1982 to 1984.  My parents replaced it with another which I used
+until 1986, when I got a C128.  I used that faithfully until 1990 when I got
+an Amiga 2000.  In 1993 I attempted to upgrade it, but a crack in the
+motherboard kept me frustrated for a year or two.  Finally, I broke down and
+bought a Gateway 2000 in 1995, on which I run Linux and Windows 95.  I've
+hacked away on all those machines, although it isn't much fun in Windows.  I
+now have access to a working C64, 1541, and Datasette, and occasionally a
+C128/1571.  I also found a great C64 emulator for Windows 95/NT called PC64.
+My friends and I just set up a 4-machine network, and we'll be installing
+Red Hat Linux on a couple of machines.  We're looking forward to a lot of
+hacking fun, and have considered using a C64 or Apple II as a part of the
+network.  Your e-zine will be a great help!
+I'm happy to say I will be able to contribute as well.  Two years ago,
+over Christmas break, I worked on an interesting C64 software project,
+designed to take the machine to previously untouched territory.  I spent a
+week or two working on a Scheme interpreter for the 64.  If you're not
+familiar with Scheme, it's a simple but powerful variant of Lisp.  I
+actually made quite a bit of progress, but abandoned it when I no longer had
+access to the development machine (a C128 in 64 mode).  Now, with the
+availability of the C64 emulator, it will be easier to develop and test this
+software.
+I had thought that perhaps no one would find this software useful any
+longer, but I see now that I have an audience.  I'll get back on this
+project sometime, hopefully soon.  Thanks for editing this great e-zine!
+@(A)r:
+YES!  Scheme needs to be on the 64/128.  Please let us know when you get going
+on the project again.  It never ceases to amze us what seemingly "impossible"
+projects and products manage to appear on the 64/128 platform.
+@(A)c: The 'I's Have It!
+From: epratt@andrews.edu (Eric Pratt)
+Dear C=Hacking,
+I am pretty happy about the C=Hacking magazine.  I access it through lynx at
+Andrews University.  I love to read it from my 64 using Novaterm and I tried
+to download it recently.  But, when I did, I got a few letter 'i's.  I
+contacted Nick Rossi about this and he said that the i's were tabs when there
+should have been spaces.  I would like to save this as a seq file for my word
+processor (Easy Script) but I don't want to have to edit every issue.  That
+would take a load of time!  I am downloading the text version of course and I
+would like to know if there is any way to get around the tabs.  I would just
+like to download and print to paper.  I appreciate your time and your magazine.
+Thanks.
+Eric Pratt
+@(A)r:
+The earliest issues do indeed exhibit this problem, due to the way they were
+created (on UNIX).  When we get some time and motivation, we'll fix the
+problem.
+However, in the meantime, folks with a rudimentary grasp of BASIC should be
+able to write a "quick and dirty" app that simple reads in the C=H issue from
+disk, searches for and replaces every occurence of a TAB char (we're pretty
+sure its 12, but check with your handy reference guide) with 3 or 4
+spaces, and writes out the results to a separate file.
+@(A)c: "First Computer" Stories, Take 3
+From: Piotr Walczak <piwa@loxinfo.co.th>
+Dear C=Hacking,
+Just to let you know - I heartly agree with your writing.
+My adventure with computers started somewhere around 1982.
+Actually it changed my life. Now as computer professional,
+dealing everyday with the latest computer technology,
+I am recalling amazement of my first computer experience
+with VIC-20. Miracle of *programming* =), PEEKing and
+POKEing memory, frantic drive to master ML, ROM hacking.
+It opened whole new world and turns to be very emotional
+unforgetable experience. I guess, there is a lot of people
+feeling this way.
+Cheers, Piotr
+P.S. I really pity those clueles guys who compare 8-bits
+     to Pentium. They are lacking something very important,
+     something what distinguish USERS from lUSERS =)
+@(A)r:
+I read the other day how the embedded computer field is having trouble finding
+employees who can write code in ML that will fit in the cramped quarters of
+the embedded computer platforms in use today.  It seems most new graduates
+can;t fathom that in todays 64 bit multiple megabyte world, the world is
+mostly run by machines with are blessed with an 8 bit micro, RAM is a luxury,
+programs MUST be in ML, and 64 kB of program space is almost unheard of.
+@(A)c: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly.
+From: chuck.sommerville@3do.com (Chuck Sommerville)
+Dear C=Hacking,
+I wrote a few games for the C64 a while back. Reading your stuff about the
+C64 brought back some fond memories.  I thought I pushed that machine to
+its limits back when I worked for EPYX.  I see There was still some room to
+do some other wierd stuff.  The worst this I ever did was the raster code
+for Ball Blazer, which had to figure out whether there were 63, 64, or 65
+cycles on the scan line, and run 8 different pieces of interrupt code
+depending on how close to the 40 lost cycles it was.  The problem was that
+I had to write to 2 color registers on two consecutive lines.  This is a
+problem if you have to do it on the bad line.  I had to get the timing down
+to the cycle, syncronized by a timer tuned to the horizontal rate.  It
+actually had to lose the 40 cycles in the middle of a particular
+instruction.  You should have seen the jury rigged logic analyser we built
+to see the timing!
+Well, I probably don't have time to read all the back issues of C= hacking,
+but it is fun to see this is still a topic of discussion.
+Sincerely,
+Chuck Sommerville.
+@(A)r:
+All we can say is, WOW!  We bet there are hundreds of stories like this, where
+the programmer simply didn't take NO for an answer, and made the 64/128 do
+what needed to be done.
+@(A)c: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly.
+From: lpar@toto.pitton.com
+Dear C=Hacking,
+I just *knew* I'd seen something about an idea for a HTML viewer for the C64,
+found it last night in Hacking #13. I just recently got interested in this,
+and was wondering what the status is on this project?  I wish I could be of
+some help in contributing to its development, but I'm just not that good a
+programmer, and my experience with writing HTML documents goes back, uh,
+almost a week. :) From what little I do know of it, I'd think it could be
+done, at least most of the important stuff. Maybe a highlighted routine
+similar to Lynx browsers, with different colors for the different <Hn>
+markers, for instance?
+Anyway, just got to wondering. Thanks.
+Steve
+@(A)r:
+You are correct.  I started an HTML article series, and I do hope to finish
+it.  When I started the series, I hoped that by the time the first installment
+came out or a little while after, a TCP/IP protocol stack would arrive for the
+, and I could write the HTML viewer to sit on top of that.  Well, the TCP
+stack has not yet arrived, and I lost some motivation.  But, it's been moved
+up on my list of projects, since I now need a viewer for the 64/128 for some
+work I am doing.  Nothing like neccessity to get you going.
+@(A)c: I've Been Waiting SOOOO Long!
+From: Jeremy Lindeman  <superman@pacifier.com>
+Dear C=Hacking,
+I was wondering when the next Commodore Hacking Issue was coming out?
+J
+From: George Taylor
+Dear C=Hacking,
+What happened to c-hacking?  I'd like to repackage all issues into a consistent
+html/text format. Can I have permission to redistribute them?
+From: henry.sopko@hwcn.org
+Dear C=Hacking,
+Is there going to be anymore new issues of Commodore Hacking comming
+out or have we seen the end? I hope it will continue, especially with
+CMD's new accelerator being out now!
+BFN,
+henry.sopko@freenet.hamilton.on.ca
+From: wanderer_rtc@pipeline.com (Richard T. Cunningham)
+Dear C=Hacking,
+Any revelation as to when #15 will be out?  I hate to say this, but #14 was
+back in November I think.
+L8r!
+Rich
+From: "Kevin Rowan" <k-rowan@midcoast.com.au>
+Dear C=Hacking,
+Over here in Australia, sources of cutting-edge Commodore article
+es and hardware/software hacks are even harder to find than they are in
+the USA. I've been studiyng your publication schedule for a number of
+months now, eagerly awaiting C=Hacking Issue 15. Can you say when it might
+be published? Has something gone wrong?
+										Kevin Rowan
+										Agent86
+From: rikard.l@home.se (Rikard Lundblad)
+Dear C=Hacking,
+Is C-Hacking still active?  I just found this site and I can see that no
+issues at all was published during 1997.
+Are all issues available in the .zip-format?
+From: Ernst Stavro Blofeld <SPECTRE@jhu.edu>
+Dear C=Hacking,
+I found C=Hacking in the middle of last year and discovered who much I
+could still learn about the Commodore.  Since I have waited and waited
+but not gotten any mailings.  (I think I have since unsubscribed.)
+My questions are why do the issue dates on the HTML/TEXT versions not
+agree with the publication dates in your web-page, and why have the
+publication dates after Nov96 not been adhered to?  Are there no
+submittions and C=Hacking has shut down??
+I know there is a great deal of information being gathered and acted on,
+just from emailing other Commodore enthusiasts.  Also many of the
+C=Hacking articles were "To Be Continued..." and never were.  Please
+enlighten me.
+Alex (aka Blofeld)
+@(A)r:
+Yes, we're mighty late.  The full scoop on the reasons is spelled out in "The
+Hacking Editor" (Reference: editor), so we won't reprint it here.  However,
+everyone seemed to have a secondary question when asking about when the next
+issue was to arrive, so let's tackle those:
+George Taylor:  As per the copyright, users can reproduce and redistribute the
+issues without any problems.  As for conversions to HTML, Make sure you do not
+alter the magazine contents except to mark it up in the HTML format.
+Rikard Lundblad:  Only Issues 11 on are available in ZIPped format.  If time
+permits, we'll convert the older issues to this format.
+Ernst Stavro Blofeld: Well, submissions did fall off, but the main reason the
+dates are wrong is that they were never strict.  I had tried to get an issue
+out every 3 months, and I based the schedule on that, but quickly determined
+that it's tough to stay on target with this magazine.
+In any case, you are now reading issue #15, and I hope that everyone will
+forgive the publisher for being late.
+@(A)c: The Mystery Logo Designer Unvieled
+From: "Lawrence, Mark" <Mark.Lawrence@regency.tafe.sa.edu.au>
+Dear C=Hacking,
+It's been a very long time since I'd heard anything about the C= Hacking
+publication, but the other day I'd received an email from someone or other who
+had read one of the early editions, and my article (sad as it was), and had
+questions to ask of me!
+I sniffed around, found that C= Hacking had not only continued on but evolved
+into something much bigger and better, and it still has the big ascii C=Hacking
+logo I designed at the top!!!  Wow...
+Still awestruck,
+Mark.Lawrence@Regency.TAFE.SA.Edu.Au
+(also 9152427d@lv.levels.unisa.edu.au)
+@(A)r:
+So, you're the one who penned our mighty logo.  Well, it's been rightly
+attributed to you on this issue, and we appreciate the check-in after a long
+trip.  My hope is that C=H makes it to 2001, so we can revel in the new
+century with our magazine and maxhines.
+@(A)c: CBM and Satellites: Bosom Buddies!
+From: Alex Measday <c.a.measday@ieee.org>
+Dear C=Hacking,
+Hi!  I liked your web site when I happened upon it a year or so ago
+(back when it was "garnet.msen.com") - you seemed to be a real
+Renaissance type of guy! - and I just recently revisited it (via
+Alta-Vista because your address had changed).  I thought you
+might appreciate the following, Commodore-related story.
+Our company is building the ground control system for AT&T's next
+Telstar satellite, to be launched in May.  (As you might have heard, one
+of the existing Telstar satellites was killed off by the solar magnetic
+burst in January.)  Although the telemetry rate is fairly slow, the
+system is pretty high-tech: Solaris workstations, VME PowerPCs running
+LynxOS, and special hardware for encoding/decoding the command and
+telemetry data streams.
+We've been flowing simulated telemetry data through the system, but a
+couple of weeks ago, we were provided with actual spacecraft telemetry
+(from ground tests of the satellite).  When we opened the box that had
+been shipped to us, we found: an ordinary looking cassette tape and an
+old COMMODORE tape drive with a little adapter box for the type of cable
+we use!  We plugged it in, pushed the PLAY button, and watched as our
+system locked on to real telemetry data.
+(The tape drive was one of those about the size of a small book with
+rounded edges.  That must have been a newer model than the big, boxy
+drive I had on my VIC-20.)
+Alex Measday
+Integral Systems, Inc.
+c.a.measday@ieee.org
+@(A)r:
+This is an incredible story.  After a while, even the most optimistic CBM
+owner can lose morale after months of PC and Mac stories.  This little tidbit
+gives each of us a boost.  Besides, its a very impressive story in its own
+right.
+=========================================================================
+@(#)news: Newsfront
+@(A): New Products from LOADSTAR
+The Compleat New Testament On Disk!: Search and print the King James
+Version of the New Testament on three 1541 disks or one 1581 disk. SuperCPU
+and RAMLink compatible for fast searches through multiple books. Export
+text to Edstar files (Edstar Included!). Include accurate excerpts from The
+Bible in your presentations and letters because this product is designed to
+export the scriptures you need. Each book of the New Testament is broken
+into highlights so that you can easily find key passages by name such as
+the Sermon On The Mount, Marriage, Divorce, and Spiritual Gifts and
+hundreds of other topics.  Three 5.25-inch disks, #0042D5  $20.00. One
+.5-inch disk #0025D3 $20.00.
+The Compleat Old Testament on Disk!:  Search and print the King James
+Version of the Old Testament on seven 1541 disks or three 1581 disks. SuperCPU
+and RAMLink compatible for fast searches through multiple books. Export
+text to Edstar files (Edstar Included!). Include accurate excerpts from The
+Bible in your presentations and letters because this product is designed to
+export the scriptures you need. Each book of the Old Testament is broken
+into highlights so that you can easily find key passages by name. Seven
+.25-inch disks, #0046D5 $20.00.  Three 3.5-inch disks #0025D3, $20.00.
+Star Extra #1,2,3: All the fun and essentials from the World Wide Web to you
+without a modem and online charge. All PD software fixed to work right off
+the bat. No unarching, and no errors. No hassles with weirdly formatted
+text. All the work has been done for you. Got a CMD SuperCPU plugged into
+your computer? Well, those programs that would not  have worked when you
+downloaded them have been fixed to work with your SuperCPU  without you
+flipping a single switch!
+Start Extra #1: One 1581 disk 0024D3 $12. Two 1541 disks #0041D5 $20
+Start Extra #2: One 1581 disk 0027D3 $12. Two 1541 disks #0044D5 $20
+Start Extra #3: One 1581 disk 0031D3 $12. Two 1541 disks #0048D5 $20
+Demos and additional Information available at www.loadstar.com
+@(A): Do You have (a) Fever!
+Fron Down Under, it's Commodore Fever, a quarterly publication that contains
+reviews of new software, websites, and utilities.  Each issue is packed with
+contibuted articles and information on where to buy the latest software.
+Finally, each issue comes with a cover disk with playable and watchable demos.
+In the United States, you can order a subscription from Complete Console, the
+US Distributor.
+A sample issue is US$6.00, while a 1 year subscription is US$22.00.
+Obtain more information from netinfo@cryogen.com.
+@(A): Finland Commodore Site Now Mirrored in USA!
+Eric Chernoff announced a while back that the ftp.funet.fi pub/cbm area is now
+available at:
+Via ftp:  ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/micro/commodore
+Via HTTP: http://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/micro/commodore/frames.html
+	(This page is lynx-friendly as well as Netscape-friendly.)
+@(A): TIFCU Mailing List Going Strong!
+For everyone that has purchased Gaelyne Gasson's "The Internet for Commodore
+Users" (TIFCU), Gaelyne is operating a mailing list to help field questions
+and comments about the book and its contents.  To subscribe to the list,
+simple send an email:
+To: listserv@mail.jbrain.com
+Subject: LISTSERV
+Message Body:
+subscribe tifcu FirstName LastName
+@(A): Commodore Hacking Now Available In Microsoft Word Format
+For those who read Commodore Hacking while at work (shame on you :-), Troy
+Heidner has reformatted each issue of Commodore Hacking into Microsoft Word 6
+format, for easy PC viewing.  His archive is available at:
+http://www.hbc.ukans.edu/personal/theidner/commodor.htm
+@(A): Attention MSD Owners!
+If you are the proud owner of a used MSD SD1 or SD2 disk drives but do not
+have any documentation, S. Knight can help.  He is selling a complete
+technical manual, affectionately called "The Word, According to MSD" at the
+MSD headquarters.  It contains information on the drives, schematics, a list
+of revisions, parts inventory, and the technical notes on the Rockwell 6511Q
+CPU used in the drive electronics.  If you would like a copy, contact
+slknight@ballistic.com for pricing and availability.
+@(A): Fledgling Commodore User Group Needs Your Support
+Ken Jones, of the newly formed Connecticut Commodore Business Machines User's
+Group (CCBMUG) is asking for your help to grow their club.  Current dues are
+$10.00 outside of CT and $10.60 inside of CT.  They can accept Visa and
+MasterCard.  A membership includes 6 newsletters, 5 disks fill of shareware,
+and the benefits of belonging to a fine CBM user's group.  If you are
+interested, please contact Ken at ccbmug@geocities.com.
+@(A): OS/A65 Version 2.0 Preliminary Release Available
+Andre Fachat has improved his OS/A65 detailed in Commodore hacking #13.
+Version 2.0 includes support for SLIP (TCP/IP) server application, a
+relocatable file format, and better libriary support.  The source has been
+rewritten to offer better porting between architectures with system-specific
+code being pulled into separate locations.  If you would like to install and
+run this 2.0 beta version, please visit Andre's WWW site at:
+http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/~fachat/8bit/osa/v2.0/index.html
+@(A): Wheels 64 Slated for Shipping
+After many months of development, bug fixing and tecting, Maurice Randall of
+Click Here Software is readying the final product for shipment.  Maurice
+expects to have disks in customer's hand in April, after finishing last minute
+bug fixes and testing.  For those who do not know, Wheels 64 is the GEOS
+upgrade developed by Randall to fix numerous bugs in GEOS 2.0, offer better
+support for CMD peripherals, and provide new features GEOS users have
+requested.  For detailed information and screen shots of Wheels, contact
+Maurice Randall at:
+Maurice Randall
+P.O. Box 606
+Charlotte MI 48813
+PH: (517)543-5202 for more info
+or visit my web site at:
+http://people.delphi.com/arca93/
+@(A): Dialogue 128 Now Available as Freeware
+Gary Farmaner has decided to release Dialogue 128, one of the best terminal
+emulation programs available for the 128, as freeware.  Below is a reprint of
+the copyright notice:
+   Dialogue 128 - Copyright 1991 by Gary Farmaner
+    I, Gary Farmaner, sole author of the program Dialogue 128, do hereby
+   authorize the release of the program Dialogue 128 and any accompanying
+   documentation, to freeware, NON-COMMERCIAL distribution.
+    THIS IS FREE SOFTWARE.
+    Individuals are encouraged to give away, and post to software
+   distribution sites, copies of the software and any electronically captured
+   form of the documentation, as long as this notice is included.
+    Commercial interests are permitted to distribute the program
+   and documentation as long as this notice is included, and
+   NO CHARGE is made beyond reasonable media and duplication costs
+   (at most $2 for diskette, and $3 for printed documentation).
+    I retain full copyright on the software and documentation,
+   The software and documentation are NOT being released to the public
+   domain. I retain the right to release commercial updates at at future date.
+   The software is released AS IS, without warranties, guarantees,
+   or support of any kind.
+    There is no charge for this software. However, if you do find
+   it useful I would appreciate reading about it. Drop me a line at:
+   dialog@turing.toronto.edu
+@(A): Back Issues of dieHard Available
+If you would like to complete your collection of dieHard Magazine, or just
+want to read an issue or two, the Tresure Valle/ Boise User Group (TV/BUG)
+is offering issues 11,12,13,18,19,20,21,22,and 23 for sale.  If you would like
+more information on obtaining one or more issues, contact either Brian
+Crosthwaite at noesis@rmci.net or visit the back issues web page at:
+http://members.tripod.com/~noesis0/index.html
+@(A): Brush Up On Commodore Knowledge at CKB
+Cameron Kaiser has created a unique repository for all information Commodore.
+The Commodore Knowledge Base (CKB) is a repository for documents and Usenet
+postings on repair, technical information and programming the Commodore 8-bits.
+Since December, CKB has accumulated 130 articles total (more articles
+acquired for storage by newsbot and submission).
+Some highlights:
+	* a complete analysis of interrupts in the 64
+	* the Kernal jump table
+	* why you have to smack the RESTORE key
+	* using 41256 RAM chips in the 64
+	* what to check if your disk drive keeps giving you ?DEVICE NOT PRESENT
+	* programming the CMD hard drive
+	* using ramdisks with CP/M
+	* DIP switch pinouts for the Cardco +G printer interface
+You can visit the CKB at: http://calvin.ptloma.edu/~spectre/ckb/
+@(A): 8BIT Catering to 8 Bit Computing
+If you're an equal opportunity 8-bit computer collector and/or user, then
+you'll be interested in 8BIT, a magazine that caters to various older systems,
+including the Commodore 64, Sinclair, and Amstrad.  Althogh not a technical
+journal, the publication does provide interesting features and information on
+the various machines still in use.
+If you would like information on this publication, contact:
+Brian Watson
+Harrowden
+High Street
+Sutton-in-the-Isle
+ELY
+Cambridgeshire
+CB6 2RA
+777 0006 (Telephone)
+77 77 66 (Facsimile)
+bit@spheroid.demon.co.uk (Internet Email)
+Magazine Prices were as follows:
+Single issue: 3 British Pounds
+Two Years (8 issues): 16 British Pounds
+@(A): Finally, a PKZIP 2.04 64/128 Unarchiver!
+Users have requested it, and Error Smith has delivered.  Errol has created a
+dearchiver for the industry standard PKZIP 2.04 format.  After years of making
+do with the PKZIP 1.01 dearchive from Bill Lucier/David Schmoll, Commodore
+users can now unzip any PKZIPped file, no matter the version.  Don't ditch
+your old copy of unzip64, though, as Errol's new version does not
+atempt to unzip 1.01 format files.  In fact, this issue of Commodore Hacking
+will be zipped in 2.04 format, because it offers better compression.  If you
+would like to download a copy of unzip64v2, check out Errol's WWW site which
+includes the file and online documentation at:
+http://www.ros.com.au/~errol/64.html
+========================================================================
+@(#)trick: Hi Tech Trickery: Double Speed Opcodes
+           by Sean Adams (sean_adams@junkmail.net)
+@(A)intro: Introduction
+Well, if you have made a bee-line to this section, I hate to disappoint you,
+but:
+    April Fools!
+Sean Adams, if he did exist, would have no idea how to set the 65XX into a
+mode that executes all 3+ cycle opcodes twice as fast.  Frankly, it just
+cannot be done.  All 3+ cycle opcodes need those cycles, and the only way to
+speed up the process would be to double the clock frequency.
+So, rest assured that the laws of 65XX operation cannot be broken, at least
+not in this area.
+However, before we finish, let me state that the clock doubling approach is
+precisely how the new Intel CPUs achieve their high numbers.  FOr example, the
+MHz Pentium II processor doesn't actually run that fast.  First of all, it
+can only interact with registers at that speed.  The high speed cache operates
+at 1/2 that frequency, or 166.5 MHz.  The cache is only 256kB or 512 kB
+(although I hear 1MB cache processors are appearing soon), so any function or
+code fragment that won't fit in that space requires a read from main memory,
+which runs at 66 MHz at best case (and can run much slower).  So, be wary of
+taking speeds of the newer processors at face value.  If we could do to the 64
+what they do to the Pentium II, we too could have a very fast "looking"
+processor speed.
+Jim Brain
+=========================================================================
+@(#)mags: Hacking the Mags
+Not everything good and/or technical comes from Commodore Hacking, which
+is as it should be.  (We still think we have the most, though...)  Thus,
+let's spotlight some good and/or technical reading from the other
+Commodore publications.
+Given the large number of publications we're reviewing this time, we've chosen
+a less conversational approach to highlighting each publications contents.
+@(A): Commodore World (http://www.cmdweb.com/cwhome.html)
+   In CW#16:
+      Maurice Randall relates an obscure FD/1581 bug and how to work around
+      it.
+      John Walker discusses Neural Networks on the C64.
+      Brett Tabke Introduces the opcoides, registers, and addressing modes of
+      the 65C816S.
+      Max Cottrell shows how you can create ANSI Screens.
+      Gaelyne Gasson goes over file transfers on the Internet.
+      Maurice Randall details Data File creation on GEOS.
+      Jim Butterfield goes over the IEC routines in teh PET/CBM.
+   In CW#17:
+      Gaelyne Gasson overviews the SuperCPU, and discusses IRC on the
+      Internet.
+      Bruce Thomas details how to install a reset switch for your Mouse.
+      Maurice Randall delves deeper into GEOS data file creation.
+      Doug Cotton goes over programming optimizations you can use with the
+      SuperCPU.
+   In CW#19:
+      Maurice Randall shows how to mix DA's and Dialogue Boxes in GEOS.
+      Doug Cotton show how to program the GEOCable outside of GEOS.
+      Doug Cotton goes over the memory map for the SUPERRAM Card.
+   In CW#20:
+      Maurice Randall works with GEOPaint Files.
+      Mark Fellows details the new Interrupt routines in the SCPU
+      Doug Cotton shows how to convert a NTSC 64 to PAL or vice versa.
+   In CW#21:
+      Doug Cotton goes under the hood on BASIC tokens and storage.
+      Maurice Randall shows how to get into a GEOWrite document
+      programmatically.
+      Mark Fellows details a very impressive ML Input Routine.
+      Mark Fellows goes over the '816 MVN and MVP move instructions.
+@(A): Denial
+   In D#2:
+      Not much technical content, but I thought the magazine was worthy of
+      mention simply for catering to the VIC crowd.
+@(A): Driven (http://nlaredo.globalpc.net/~coolhnd/driven/)
+      (note the changed WWW address)
+   In D#17:
+      Bo Zimmerman discusses his CBM <> Linux <> Internet Setup.
+   In D#18:
+      Deathlok discusses various C64 Music Editors
+   In D#19:
+      Review of 1996 Issue.
+   In D#20:
+      PAL Magazine Issue.
+   In D#21:
+      Sherry Freedline discusses how to surf the Commodore Web.
+   In D#22:
+      Announcement of the Driven 4 kB Compo II.
+   In Driven's Waveform Tribute:
+      A Moving Tribute to John Kaiser, aka Waveform.
+   In D#23:
+      Details about The 'Fridge', the code repository by Steve Judd.
+   In D#24:
+      This issue contains information about Daniel Dallmann's SLIP-64.
+   In D#25:
+      Kevin Reno details a C64 PPP Project.
+   In D#26:
+      Robin Harbron discusses PPP on the 64.
+@(A): LOADSTAR (http://www.loadstar.com)
+   In LS#147:
+      Adam Vardy shows how to easily put drive swapping code in a program.
+      Andrew Martin details Hi-Res Sketch II.
+   In LS#149:
+      The trio of David Darus, Ken French, and Louis Wallace present Program
+      Graphics Management (PGM), a toolbox of GFX manipulation code to help
+      the developer get screens up and going.
+      Jeff Jones goes over Menu Toolbox, presented in LS and in C=H 14.
+   In LS#150:
+      Michael Milroy introduces CAD-M, a 2-D CAD program
+      Arnold Walters presents 1541-TidyDisk, which can clean up 1541 dirs.
+   In LS#151:
+      Travis Parker presents VLS HyperText System, a small hypertext reader.
+      (this is a very impressive program.)
+      Jeff Jones presents PackMeister, a general purpose text packer.
+      Doreen Horne presents version 3 of WRAPTOR, the GEOS packer.
+@(A): LOADSTAR 128 (http://www.loadstar.com)
+   In LS128#33
+      Bob Markland present a program for printing Bar Code on mail.
+   In LS128#34
+      Nate Fielder brings us GEOCanvas 128.
+   In LS128#35
+      Well, I have the issue, but my 1084S died, so I can't view it.  :-(
+   In LS128#36
+      Well, I have the issue, but my 1084S died, so I can't view it.  :-(
+@(A): LOADSTAR LETTER (http://www.loadstar.com)
+   In LL#37:
+      In this first issue after the "Underground"/"LL" merge, Jeff interviews
+      Jim Butterfield on the age-old WAIT 6502,X Easter Egg.
+   In LL#38:
+      Sherry Freedline goes over the terminology of the Internet.
+      Jeff Jones goes over the advantages of hybrid BASIC/ML programs.
+   In LL#39:
+      Jeff Jones details a way to put more than 144 files on a 1541 disk.
+      Sherry Freedline discusses choosing an Internet Service Provider.
+   In LL#40:
+      Jeff Jones shows how to get the most out of the SCPU optimization modes.
+      Gaelyne Gasson starts a 2 part series on HTML.
+      Scott Eggleston shows how to install an "all-reset" reset switch.
+   In LL#41:
+      Part 2 of Gaelyne's HTML series.
+      Jeff goes over how to make relocatable code.
+   In LL#42:
+      Jeff Jones show how to make good use of the Super Snapshopt Cartridge.
+   In LL#43:
+      A CMD Drive Support Issue.  Get all your CMD HD/FD/RL questions
+      answered.
+   In LL#44:
+      A CMD SCPU Info Issue.
+      Robin Harbron details how the 64 and SCPU interact from a timing
+      perspective.
+   In LL#45:
+      Robin Harbron discusses how to use the REU fixed address feature to put
+      GFX in the border on the screen.
+   In LL#46:
+      Robin Harbron details programming the Swiftlink cartridge.
+      Jeff Jones relates how bigger code isn't always slower code.
+   In LL#47:
+      Robin Harbron details a way to test the size of an REU.
+      Todd Elliott shows some unusual way to use opcodes in the 65XX.
+   In LL#48:
+      Robin Harbron details how many cycles you get per scanline on a VIC-II.
+      Todd Elliott continues his piece on neat uses for 65XX opcodes.
+   In LL#49:
+      Robin Harbron goes over CIA IC specifics.
+   In LL#50:
+      Hoorah to LOADSTAR for getting 50 issues out!
+      Robin Harbron goes over the new SUPERRAM card from CMD.
+      LOADSTAR releases Mr. Mouse (mouse driver) as freeware and details its
+      use.
+   In LL#51:
+      Mostly a reader Q&A issue.
+   In LL#52:
+      Robin harbron lists the various types of CBM owners.  Figure out which
+      you are!
+   In LL#53:
+      Of particular interest is the discussion in this issue about what
+      exactly is a "Young Programmer".
+   In LL#54:
+      Robin Harbron interviews Maurice Randall on Wheel 64.
+   In LL#55:
+      A SCPU 128 Issue.  Read all about it.
+@(A): 'Zine 64 (http://members.aol.com/cholgate/Zine64/homepage.htm)
+   In Z64#7:
+      A Games/SuperCPU issue.
+Other magazines not covered in this rundown include:
+*  _64'er_
+o  _Commodore Gazette_
+*  _Commodore Network_
+*  _Commodore Zone_
+*  _Gatekeeper_
+o  _Vision_
+Notes on Legend:
+* = We have never received an issue of this publication.
+o = We have not received a new issue of this publication to review.
++ = We will begin reviewing this magazine in the next issue.
+In addition, others exist that C=Hacking is simply not aware of.  As soon
+as we can snag a copy of any of these, or get the foreign language ones
+in English :-), we will give you the scoop on them.
+============================================================================
+@(#)hw: The 40/80 Screen Mouse Switch
+        copyright (c) 1994-1997 by Michael Nausch (bigchief@muc.de)
+Editor Note:  An archive containing this article and the GEOPaint pictures
+described within it are available in "Hacking the Code" (Reference: code,
+SubRef: 4080schematic).
+@(A): Introduction
+In 1994, I wrote an article for our club newspaper "Rundschreiben", issue 28
+(GEOS Interessengemeinschaft SUED e.V.) describing my "40/80 Screen-Switch"
+hardware extension that allows me to easily switch my monitor between 40 and
+column modes using the keys on my mouse. After several club members and
+friends in the fido-areas and internet-newsgroups asked me if I would sell
+the 40/80 Screen-Switch, I decided to write this article and translate it to
+English. I'd like to thank Gaelyne Gasson, who encouraged me and added the
+final touches to the English translation.
+What this hardware extension will do, and what it won't or can't do:
+. It is not 'plug and play' hardware. You must modify your monitor.
+. It won't automatically switch the mode of your monitor.
+. Because the layout and other plans are in full size GeoPaint format,
+    it should be relatively easy for anyone to build the 40/80 Screen-Switch.
+@(A): Background Information
+I built this switch for myself because I was too lazy to press the button on
+my monitor to switch it from CVBS (40 column) to RGB (80 column) mode and vice
+versa. I am a GEOS enthusiast and use GEOS for nearly all my C=128 activities.
+I use other software only for the internet and bbsing, such as Novaterm,
+Dialogue 128 or QWKRR128. Some of these programs uses both 40 and 80
+column-modes, too. A lot of my GEOS software runs only in 40 column, so I
+am often switching from one mode to the other and vice versa.
+Most of my software gives me a hint on screen when I should switch my monitor,
+and I originally considered using the CS input of the video chips and/or
+converting the CVBS signal to RGB, but both were rejected as too complex or
+too expensive. Since my mouse is always at hand, it seemed more practical for
+the job.
+After looking at the circuit diagram of my monitor I thought it should be
+easy to do this. First I removed the original switch for changing the
+/80-mode and soldered a 5ft long cable to it for testing, if the monitor
+worked right, (it did) I would carry on with my experiments.
+Since the first step was done I needed to find a way to comfortably switch
+the monitor modes. I didn't want to alter the mouse, because otherwise I
+would have to do it every time I use another mouse. Modifying the keyboard
+seemed impracticable, so I decided to make a little "black box" to go between
+the mouse and the monitor.
+Whenever I pressed both mouse buttons simultaneously I wanted the monitor to
+change mode. I dismantled my mouse and looked at what was happening when I
+pressed both buttons. I found that when I press the left button, the
+'BUTTON A/LP' line (pin #6) is put to signal-ground. If the right button is
+pressed, the line 'JOYA0' (pin #1) is put to signal-ground. I also noted
+pin #7 had 5V DC, and since I had many chips of the 74xx family in my
+electronics parts box, I decided to make the circuit with those IC's.
+The first IC is a NOR-gate 7402. This gate will only output a "high" if both
+inputs are "low". As noted above, if I press both mouse-buttons at the same
+time, pins #1 and #6 of joy-port #1 are both taken "low" and only then will
+the NOR-gate output a "high". This output is connected to the next IC, a
+monostable multivibrator 74121. The keys of the mouse have an unpleasant
+property, the bounce. Everyone has probably experienced this; one only has
+to copy a GEOS-file, click on the icon and suddenly the file is opened. To
+avoid this bounce, if the input of the 74121 IC is set to "high", the output
+changes level only after awhile. If the input changes during this period,
+nothing happens at the output. After the predefined time, the output can be
+changed, but it changes the input. This time is dependant on the resistor R3
+and the capacitor C1. For the 40/80Screen-Switch, I use approximately 0.6
+seconds.
+The output of the 74121 is connected with the clock input of a JK flip-flop
+. One of the reasons the external wiring of the 7473 works is because
+it is a D-type flip-flop. So every change to the input will change the output
+of the 7473. With the help of a little NPN-transistor, we control a 5V DC
+relay. The switch in front of this transistor allows us to switch the
+monitor-mode by hand into 40 or 80 column-mode, or use the
+automatic-operation. Because the JOYA0 and BUTTON A/LP lines are connected
+directly to the keyboard, we must isolate our hardware from the keyboard.
+To do this, we use the pull-up resistors R1 and R2 and diodes V1 and V2.
+To prevent damage from induced voltage produced by the relay a diode is
+connected antiparallel with it's windings.
+@(A): Constructing the 40/80 screen-switch
+Enough with the theory, now for the construction. First we must etch the
+printed board. For printing the included GeoPaint file it's recommended
+that you use a laser-or a true 80x80 dpi printer. If you have not etched
+a printed board, ask a friend to help you. It's also possible to build
+the circuit using the wirewrap technique or any other preferred technique.
+After etching and cleaning the printed board, you must drill the holes for
+the electronics. After that we bend the 13 little wire-jumpers and solder
+them into the right places. Next we solder the diodes, (check the circuit
+diagram for correct polarity) then the resistors, sockets for the IC's,
+the capacitor and then the relay. Finally we connect the on/off-switch and
+the nine-pin sub-d connectors to the 40/80 Screen-Switch. If you use the
+special flat cable version of the connectors, you can also use the special
+pin-sockets that were used in the industry and in personal computers. Last
+but not least, you are almost ready to test your new hardware.
+Inspect the printed circuit board and make sure that all solder joints
+are O.K. and there's no solder splashes on the board. If everything is
+okay you can put the new hardware into a box or stand it on plastic feet.
+Connect the 40/80 Screen-Switch between your C=128 and mouse and then
+make the connection to your monitor. You can now switch on your computer
+and your monitor. With the double on/off switch you should now be able
+to switch your monitor from the CVBS (40 column) to RGB (80 column) mode
+and vice versa. If the switch is in "automatic" you should be able to
+switch the monitor-mode by pressing both mouse-buttons simultaneously.
+If it doesn't work, switch off your equipment and check all solder
+joints, the electronic parts for the right placement and the etched
+printed board for any hairline cracks. Correct any errors and test it
+again.
+@(A): Note:
+Do not change the format of this text file and/or the geopaint schematics.
+Use of this document or 40/80 Screen-Switch schematics for any purpose
+other than for personal use requires the consent of the author
+(Michael Nausch). Michael Nausch and Gaelyne Gasson have taken care to
+ensure the information presented is correct, and accept no responsibility
+for any damage caused to you or your equipment by use of the circuit
+diagram and information presented in this article.
+@(A): Equipment and parts list
+     B1 - B13    wire-jumpers
+     C1          capacitor 100 uF 16v
+     C2 - C4     capacitor 100 nF 16v
+     IC1         NOR-gate 7402
+     IC2         monostable multivibrator 74121
+     IC3         JK-flip-flop 7473
+     k15V        relay with 2 switches
+                 (type SDS JW 2 SN 5.0V)
+     R1 - R2     resistor 1.8 k 0.25w
+     R3          resistor 8.2 k 0.25w
+     R4          resistor 330 ohm
+     V1 - V3     Diode 1N4148
+     V4          NPN-transistor BC107
+     various small parts, like:
+     three ic-sockets
+     casing
+     nine-pin sub d connectors
+     flatwire-cable
+     copper plated epoxy resin board 3 inch x 5 inch
+=========================================================================
+@(#)fido: FIDO's Nuggets
+          by Geoff Sullivan (sunfish@gis.net)
+In mid October Gaelyne Gasson reported in the CBM Geos Echo on a
+meeting of the Lansing Area Commodore Club she attended. There Maurice
+Randall (geoFax, geoShell, etc.) demonstrated new Geos device drivers
+that work with all types of drives and desktops. He showed drivers
+that will read an MS-DOS formatted disk directly into Geos, and how a
+stock 1581 can read a CMD FD disk. This is all part of his goal to
+revamp the Geos OS, ridding it of bugs, and adding features that
+would make it more compatable with toady's hardware and future
+software. Since this prewiew the Echo's been buzzing with
+suggestions and speculations about this development.
+In the more general topic Commodore Echo there have been a number of
+discussions that have been ongoing. There has been a thread
+about 1541 disk drive alignment for some time. There is always one
+new person that decides his drive has alignment problems and needs
+advice. I know, this has happened to me too. There are several ways
+to go about this process and one or another always comes up. Recently
+there was a very good and complete description of the process.
+Another thread is covering the baud vs. bps argument, and the limits
+of data compression with v.42bis protocol. There is a lot of interest
+in the performance of various modems with Swiftlink on a C64 or 128.
+Street prices of 14.4 and even 28.8 modems have been dropping to such
+a degree that performance is more significant than cost since we are
+no longer resrticted to Commodore compatables. Ismael Cordeiro posted
+an exhaustive history/tutorial of modem data transfer schemes. What
+really seems to determine transfer rates are the types of data used.
+Plain text, which is easily compressed appears to move faster than
+compressed data, such as binary files and .GIFs, etc.
+Software topics have decreased, but FTP by email and other Internet
+discussions have grown.  Many people are now using email to get files
+from Commodore Web sites all over the world.  In fact it is even
+possible now to receive FIDO Echo packets via FTP if you can't get
+them any other way!
+The C128 Echo is a little more into hardware that the other two Echos.
+In the last few months someone wanted to know how to upgrade his VDC
+ram to 64K.  There were many answers, all correct.  The most
+important being, "If you don't know what you're doing, get someone
+who does."
+Someone else wants to build a portable power supply for his C128 so he
+can take it on "remotes".  The easy soluton would be to use an
+inverter, but it was suggested that this might be considered
+cheating.  We are a tough lot!!
+More new folks are showing up on the Commodore FIDO echoes.  Some lost
+souls are returning too.  We keep seeing messages about someone having
+found a C64 in a closet and wanting to get software or Internet access
+for it.  In fact there is a lot of Internet related traffic here.
+Many folks new to Lynx and Unix servers in general are asking
+questions and getting help.  Those of us that have Commodore related
+Web sites are able to direct people there for software too.
+QWKRR is evolving into an Internet friendly off-line reader and reply
+application.  Discussion continues about it.  Presently it centers
+around REU access and character sets.  Rod Gasson, the author, has
+been asked to impliment REU support.  The problem seems to be that in
+it's current version QWKRR has no room for it without module swapping.
+With more of us on the Internet there is some discussion about an
+application to unzip files zipped with 2.04g and better ways of
+dealing with .GIF and .JPG files.  To date there is nothing that can
+deal with 2.04g zips directly and viewing .GIF or .JPG graphics could
+be better.  One bright note is that there has been developed an HTML
+off-line viewer for the C64.  The demo version is on the FairLight Web
+page at http://hem.passagen.se/harlekin/
+There is always someone looking for Commodore hardware/software as
+well as folks selling it here.  About 1/3 of the traffic on the echoes
+is devoted to this.
+Some discussion in the C128 echo has been around character sets and
+terminal emulation.  What are ANSI control characters, how can they be
+displayed or stripped, and what are the differences between Unix,
+MS-Dos, Commodore "screen code", and Petscii text? Several short
+programs in Basic have appeared to translate text formats.
+In the Geos echo there has been a thread about the most efficient ways
+of formatting text in geoWrite.  Whether to add tabs and margins
+before or after composing text seems to be the question.  There are
+some tools for global formatting and font changing, but few use them.
+Printers are always an interesting challenge in Geos.  With all the
+used equipment floating around there is always someone here that is
+having trouble finding the right driver for a newly aquired device.
+(Note: I think it would be worth it to have an ftp site loaded with
+all the various non-commercial printer drivers.)
+With the release of Maurice Randall's geoFAX 2.0, at least one user
+has figured out a way to print geoFAX pages in a pre-determined order
+by changing the order of the pointers in the Geos VLIR index sector.
+Each pair of bytes on this page points to the corresponding page of
+the geoFAX document.  By rearranging the order, pages can be printed
+or displayed any way the user wishes.  This may be tedious, but with
+a little more work an application could be worked up to make this
+process easier.  The same could be done with geoWrite.
+So, that's a glimpse into the world of FIDO, the wonder dog of networks,
+for this time.
+Here, boy....
+=========================================================================
+@(#)list: The Canonical List of Commodore Products
+          by Jim Brain (brain@mail.jbrain
+@(A): Introduction
+It's been so long, I almost forget what actually started this list, but I
+believe I decided one day while at work that I wanted to create a full listing
+of everything that had made it past the dream phase at Commodore.  I wanted to
+catalog the various models of C64, the constantly evolving C2N datasette, the
+specifications on the complete PET/CBM business line, etc.  So, I posted what
+I did know to the USENET comp.sys.cbm newsgroup, and the responses came
+pouring in.  For a while, the list sported no version number, but I finally
+started creating versions in 1995.  It's been almost a year since 1.1 came
+out, and I have made numerous changes to the list since then.  However, the
+number of computer additions has slowed to a trickle, so I suspect that I've
+catalogued most of the models out there.  Now, people are sending more
+calculator and specialty Amiga board additions.
+However, this list has outgrown its current format, and will be converted into
+a database that I can more easily update and manage.  As well, I would like to
+create an online hyperlinked version that sports pictures and more space for
+comments on each model.  No one realizes that I have to greatly condense the
+information folks send me on some of these models to fit the space I have
+here.  The new format will allow more room for neat comments and anecdotes.
+I will, though, create a script that parses the database to generate this file
+from the information.
+So, delete your old copy of the list, and save this one for future reference.
+If I have erred in some information, please take the opportunity to send me
+corrections, and note the locations of the file below.  I continually update
+the file, and you can check in VICUG at http://www.jbrain.com/vicug/ for
+information on where the online HTML version will be kept.
+Without further ado, its the:
+@(A): CBM List of Products
+Archive-name: cbm-model-list.2.0.txt
+Version: 2.0
+Last-modified: 1998-04-11
+Here is the newest edition of the Canonical List of Commodore Products.  It
+contains informations on every piece of Commodore equipment I have heard of
+to date.  Please help me weed out all the inconsistencies and nail down all
+the information.
+==========================Notes for this Release==============================
+PET models were also named with CBM prefixes. i.e PET 4016 = CBM 4016.
+Difference in naming early PETs exist.  A PET 2001-8N could also be
+referred to as a PET 2001N-8K or PET 2001N-8.  All are the same machine.
+Since the decision to boot in lowercase or uppercase mode was based on
+type of ROM, any machine can boot in either.
+If you know of a model that is listed above that had differing properties,
+please tell me.  Examples are a bigger monitor than what I have listed,
+Different closing mechanism on Drive, etc.
+This list comprises all machines that have been put out in some market.
+For this reason, the 364, C65, and others are include in the second
+list at the end of this document.
+The stars indicate that someone has seen this machine in production.
+Their friends own one, etc.
+The two letters at far right indicate that someone owns this machine.
+The names are in Mnemonic, and the expansions are directly above these
+notes.
+Before emailing me with updates to an item, please make sure the item number
+is not alrady in the list.  Sometimes I have people tell me that X is a
+disk drive, when X is in the list already as something else.  I can't tell
+which one is right, so if you find contradictory info, please acknowledge
+that your info does not match mine and what your opinion is regarding which
+info is correct.
+Any item that has letters after it in the far right column not only exists,
+but is owned by someone.  Now, a typo is always possible, but please keep
+that in mind when telling me an item was never made, since Commodore
+sometimes never marketed an item in some countries.
+I put in any item that I think _might_ have made it to market, so everyone
+needs to continually check up on me.
+There list is in two parts: Marketed and Not-Marketed, since some models
+were produced but never sold at the time of production (C65 is one of them),
+and some models never got past the "pipe-dream" stage.
+The newest version of this file can be retrieved from:
+http://ftp.jbrain.com/pub/cbm/ref/cbm-model-list.txt
+ftp://ftp.jbrain.com/pub/cbm/ref/cbm-model-list.txt
+mailto:ftpmail@mail.jbrain.com
+   Body:
+      open
+      ascii
+      get /pub/cbm/ref/cbm-model-list.txt
+      quit
+Interested persons can now subscribe to the CBMMODEL Mailing List at:
+mailto:listserv@mail.jbrain.com
+   Body:
+      subscribe model-dist Firstname Lastname msglen
+      review model-dist
+      help
+      quit
+Note: msglen is maximum number of text lines you can receive in an
+email messsage.  a value of 0 means maxlines.  All parameters to the
+subscribe command are necessary.  The newest version of the list will be
+mailed to you when posted to the newsgroup.
+I hope you enjoy the list.  It is the result of over 4 years of continual
+updating.
+Jim Brain
+brain@mail.jbrain.com
+======================Questions Still Left to Answer==========================
+The PET 2001NT:  Which PET 2001 was it, 08,16,32?
+Some needs to explain to me why the 700 model is an LP machine when the rest
+of the 700 line are HP machines....
+ony Scatt sent me some discussion about the CBM 3000 model, mentioning an 11
+key keyboard variant and a 20 key kaeyboard variant.  I have noted below that
+some 3000 machines were simply rebaded 2001 machines.  Does that explain the
+/20 discrepency?
+I need to go through Andre Fachat's PET Index and synchronize information,
+but I need time to do so.   You can peruse it at
+http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/~fachat/8bit/petindex/petindex.html
+===========Canonical List of Commodore Computer Equipment ====================
+---------------------Products Produced In Some Quantity:----------------------
+Office Equipment:
+* 264CD         Office Desk                                                 RS
+Calculator Series:
+* 202           electric, 1 digit display with slider indiciator,
+                black case, white keypad, black,white,red keys SN B-63768   WW
+* 208           mechanical tape calc with red/black ribbon.                 MI
+*               Blue LEDs, basic math, cream color, blue/red butons.        TA
+*               Scientific calc, made in England, 44 extra keys             BD
+* 401           paper readout, darkgreen/bluegreen                          DV
+D
+* 774D          Red LED, 9 digit, white keys.  Red clear and blue op keys.  BA
+M
+* 796M          red LED, 8 digit, black plastic, 19 keys                    JR
+* 797D          Red LED, basic math+memory and percentage, cream/blk keys   BD
+* 797M          red LED, 8 digit, cream plastic, 23 keys.		    JB
+* 886D          8 dig red LED, white case, keys white, blue and 1 red       GY
+* 886D          lt brown w/dark brown base, keys white, blue and red        GY
+* 887D          8 dig Red LED, white, black trim, white, red, blue keys.    RI
+* 897D          10 digit Red LED, basic math, percent, one memory.          GK
+* AL-1000       14 nixie tube readout
+* C108          green LED, basic math, black, colored buttons               DV
+* CIL 40        LCD, 8 digit, "electronic switching", cream / brown metal   JR
+                case, CMOS slimline, 23 keys, 198?
+* CQ-SWAT       yellow LCD dual display, 8 digit, world time, silver metal  JR
+                case, CMOS slimline, 30 keys.
+* GL-976M       green LED, 7 digit, white / black plastic case, 19 lrg keys.JR
+  GL-976MR
+  GL-979R       blk-cream case,Colored buttons,green LED,basic calc+mem+x^2
+* GL-987R       8 dig grn LED, blk w/silver trim, wht,red,blu keys basic    BZ
+* GL-996R       rechargeable, green LED, 8 digit, b&w plastic case, 23 key  JR
+                similar to GL models, early LCD.
+* GL-997R       blk-cream case,colored buttons,green LED,basic calcs+memory TE
+* LC5K1         yellow LCD, 8 digit, gold/brown metal case, 24 keys, CMOS   JR
+                slimline.
+* LC925         yellow LCD, 8 digit, brown/cream plastic case, 25 keys,     JR
+* LC5K2                                                                     JC
+* MM3M          Cream, Colored buttons, Red LED readout, basic math, 1 mem. JB
+* MM3M (Conv)   MM3M with Volume, Area, Metric Conversions                  JP
+* MM3R          MM3M without memory.  SN#066387                             PE
+* MM6           blk-silver case,basic calcs,red LED,switchable dec point,
+V battery                                                  TE
+* MM6X          MM6 with enter key                                          LA
+* N60           14 dig grn LED, silver nums, blue func, lt-blu mem, navigat WZ
+* N80           10 dig LED, white nums, blue func, lt-blu mem, navigational FR
+* P50 Program.  red LED, 13 digit, brown/gold plastic, 49 keys              JR
+* S61 Statist.  green LED, 14 digit, black plastic case, 60 keys.           JR
+* SR-1400       "Electronic Slide Rule Calculator" may 5, 1975              JS
+* SR-1800       Black, Colored buttons, Green LED readout, Trig.            FB
+* SR-36 Scient. red LED, 13 digit, black plastic, 37 keys                   JR
+* SR4912 Scient.red LED, 13 digit, black plastic, 49 keys                   JR
+* SR-9190R      Black, 10 Red LED, 49 keys, white num keys, SN#26612.       RI
+* SR-4120R      SR-4148R                                                    TE
+* SR-4148R      blk case,colored buttons(48),10 red LED,
+                basic calc+memory+trig+x^y+statistics	                    TE
+* SR-100NC      black case,49 colored buttons (most of them twice used),
+                scientific calcs (was originally sold as QUELLE Privileg
+                but is from Commodore)                                      TE
+* US*3          8 dig + sign, larger light brown case, blk num keys, basic  BZ
+* US*8          Desk model, 8 amber LED & overflow,black,keys wht,blu,red   GY
+Video Game Series:
+* CBM 2000K     Commodore TV Game 2000K,                                    JR
+                Basically same as CBM 3000H, but with 4 'bats', two internal
+                and 2 mini-jacks in back.  PAL output.  Black plastic case.
+* CBM 3000H     Commodore TV Game 3000H,                                    LJ
+                Pong-type game. Labels in English and German, Games include
+                "target", "tennis", "football", "squash". Amateur or Pro
+                settings, 1-4 player.  Basic pot bats, bat #1 is built into
+                unit. Runs on 9VDC or batteries.  Outputs to UHF36. 2 ports
+                at rear. One 5 pin DIN for light rifle (lightpen), other
+                for two more bats. PAL output.
+Trainer Series:
+* KIM-1         Computer Trainer:  Has hex keypad and LED readout           CK
+PET 2000 Series:Renamed to CBM 20XX, XX = RAM, when Philips forbid PET use.
+                Most CBM renamed units powered up in lowercase and had a
+                different keyboard config, while the PET machines booted in
+                uppercase. B and N notation alternately put after RAM amount
+                in name (PET 2001B-32 = PET 2001-32B)
+                Black (B) or Blue (N) Trim, 9" (9) or 12" (2) screen,
+                Built-In Cassette with Chiclet Keys (C),
+                Business Style Keyboard with No Graphics on Keys (K), or
+                Home Computer with Number Keys and Graphics on Keys (H),
+                Green/White screen (G) or Black/White screen (W)
+* PET 2001-4K   4kB, CB                                                     GP
+* PET 2001-8K   8kB, CN9                                                    GP
+* PET 2001-8C   8kB, CN9W, SN#0620733, No "WAIT 6502,X"                     GL
+* PET 2001-8C   8kB, CB9G, SN#0629836, No "WAIT 6502,X"                     GL
+  PET 2001-16K  16kB, CN9
+  PET 2001-32K  32kB, CN9
+  PET 2001B-8   8kB, K2
+  PET 2001B-16  16kB, K2
+  PET 2001B-32  32kB, BK9W, boots in lowercase                              RB
+  PET 2001B-32  32kB, K2
+  PET 2001N-8   8kB, H2
+* PET 2001N-16  16kB, H9                                                    CH
+  PET 2001N-16  16kB, H2
+* PET 2001N-32  32kB, H, BASIC 4.0,                                         CS
+* PET 2001NT    Teacher's PET.  Same as 2001N, just rebadged
+* MDS 6500      Modified 2001N-32 with matching 2040 drive.  500 made.      GP
+CBM 3000 Series: 40 Col. Screen, BASIC 2.0-2.3, Same Board as Thin 4000
+series in Germany were just 2001's with big Keyboard.
+* CBM 3008      8kB, 9" Screen.                                             EG
+* CBM 3016      16kB
+* CBM 3032      32kB.                                                       SL
+CBM 4000 Thin Series: 9" Screen, 40 Column Only, Basic 4.0.
+CBM 4000 Fat Series:  12" Screen, Upgradeable to 80 Column, When upgraded
+                      to 80 Columns, the systems were 8000's.
+  CBM 4004      4kB, One Piece.
+* CBM 4008      8kB, One Piece.                                             SF
+* CBM 4016      16kB, One Piece.                                            KK
+* CBM 4032      32kB, One Piece                                             JB
+* CBM 4064      Educator 64 in 40XX case. green screen (no Fat option)      GP
+CBM 8000 Series:12" Screen, 80 Column, BASIC 4.0
+                SK means "SoftKey", or "Separated Keyboard"  All -SK and d
+                units were enclosed in CBM 700/B series HP cases.
+  CBM 8008      8kB, One Piece
+  CBM 8016      16kB, One Piece
+* CBM 8032      32kB, One Piece                                             GP
+* CBM 8032-32 B 8032 in Higher Profile case (HP).  Could install LP drives. GP
+* CBM 8032 SK   32kB, Detached Keyboard, SK = SoftKey or Separated Keyboard.EG
+  CBM 8096      96kB, 8032 with 64kB ram card
+* CBM 8096 SK   96kB, Detached Keyboard.
+* CBM 8096d     8096 + 8250LP                                               SL
+* CBM 8296      128kB, Detached Keyboard, Brown like 64, LOS-96 OS          TL
+* CBM 8296d     8296 + 8250LP                                               SL
+* "CASSIE"      Synergistics Inc. rebadged 8032                             AH
+SuperPet Series:Sold in Germany as MMF (MicroMainFrame) 9000
+                Machines sold in Italy had 134kB of RAM.
+* CBM SP9000    Dual uP 6502/6809, 96kB RAM, business keyboard.             GP
+CBM B Series:   6509 @ 2MHz, 6545/6845 Video, 6526 CIA, 6581 SID, BASIC 4.0+
+                (Sometimes called BASIC 4.5)
+                Commodore differentiated between the HP (High Profile) and
+                LP (Low Profile) series by naming all HP machine CBM.
+                (B128-80HP was CBM128-80).  Also, any machine with optional
+CPU card had 'X' after B or CBM (BX128-80).
+* CBM B128-80HP 128kB, Detached Keyboard, Cream.                            GP
+* CBM B128-80LP 128kB, One-Piece, Cream, New Keyboard.                      GP
+* CBM B256-80HP 256kB, Detached Keyboard, Cream.
+* CBM B256-80LP 256kB, One-Piece, Cream.                                    GP
+* CBM B128-40   6567, 6581, 6509, 6551, 128kB.  In B128-80LP case.
+  CBM B256-40   6567, 6581, 6509, 6551, 256kB.  In B128-80LP case.
+* CBM B500      128kB.                                                      KO
+* CBM B500      256kB. board same as B128-80.                               GP
+CBM 200 Series
+* CBM 200       CBM 8032 SK                                                 VM
+  CBM 210       ???
+* CBM 220       CBM 8096 SK
+CBM 500 Series: 6509, 6567, 6581, 6551. B series LP case, BASIC 4.0+
+                Sometimes called PET II series.
+* CBM 500       256kB. (is this the 500, or should it 515?)                 EC
+* CBM 505       64kB.
+* CBM 510       128kB.
+CBM 600 Series: Same as B series LP
+* CBM 610       B128-80 LP                                                  CS
+* CBM 620       B256-80 LP                                                  CS
+CBM 700 Series: Same as B series HP.  Also named PET 700 Series
+* CBM 700       B128-80 LP (Note this unit is out of place here)
+* CBM 710       B128-80 HP                                                  SL
+* CBM 720       B256-80 HP                                                  GP
+* CBM 730       720 with 8088 coprocessor card
+  CBM 740       ????
+  CBM 750       ????
+  CBM 760       ???? 3 processors and 1 MB RAM.
+VIC-20 Series:  22*23 screen, 5kB RAM,  Basic 2.0, one piece.
+                Could be hooked to TV with RF modulator.
+                Cream (C), or Off-White (O) case.
+                Flat top keys with Square type font on keycaps (S),
+                Indent top keys with somewhat square font and thin letters
+                for RESTORE/CLR/HOME/INST... (I), or
+                Indent top keys with rounded type font (R).
+Prong PS adaptor (2) or DIN PS adaptor (D).
+                Black/Silver Decals (B), or Brown/Color Decals (H).
+pin video connector (5), or 8 pin video connector (8)
+                "2" implies VIC-20 motherboard.  "D" implies VIC-20CR
+                motherboard.
+* VIC-20 1      SOB2                                                        GP
+* VIC-20 2      ICHD                                                        GP
+* VIC-20 3      ROB2                                                        GP
+* VIC-20 4      RCHD8                                                       JB
+* VIC-20 5      SCHD                                                        JB
+* VIC-20 6      VIC with 2001K Keyboard.                                    MS
+* VIC-20 7      RCBD5                                                       SD
+* VIC-20 8      CS2B5                                                       RN
+* VIC-20 9      CI2B5                                                       RN
+* VIC-20 10     CIH25                                                       BZ
+* VIC-20 11     ROBD5                                                       BZ
+* VIC-10        Japanese VIC with 2001K keyboard.
+* VIC-1001      VIC-10? Japanese VIC with both chars printed on keys.       TG
+* VC-20 1       SCHD5 (German) (source says has beige instead of grey? case)
+* VC-20 2       RCHD5 (German)                                              MH
+* VC-20 3       R5OB2 (German) Color VIC logo...                            CE
+* VC-20 4       HD (cheap label) (German)                                   RC
+* VC-20 5       HD (better aluminum label) (German)                         RC
+* VC-20 6       2 (UK)                                                      RC
+CBM-64 Series:  40*25 screen, 64kB RAM, BASIC 2.0, one piece, TV ouput.
+                Called VIC-64 in Sweden.
+                Off-white VIC case (O), Brown Breadbox case (B),
+                Cream Breadbox case (C)
+                Flat top keys with Square type font on keycaps (S),
+                Indent top keys with somewhat square font and thin letters
+                for RESTORE/CLR/HOME/INST... (I), or
+                Indent top keys with rounded type font (R).
+                Black/Silver Decals (L), or Brown/Color Decals (H).
+pin video connector (5), or 8 pin video connector (8)
+* CBM 64 1      SO
+* CBM 64 2      SBH8                                                        JB
+* CBM 64 3      RBH8                                                        JB
+* CBM 64 4      RCH8 (Referred to as a C64G)                                ME
+* CBM 64 5      RB5L                                                        JB
+* CBM 64 (JP)   Chiclet Keyboard sold in Japan. (Might be MAX Machine)
+* Jubilee 64    64 in Golden case, announcing 1,000,000 units (160 units)
+* SX-64         Portable 64 With 5" Color Screen, One 1541 Built-in.        GP
+* CBM-64C       Cream Sloping Case, Cream Keys, GFX on front of keys        JB
+* CBM-64C       Cream Sloping Case, Cream Keys, GFX on top of keys.         JB
+  CBM-64II      C64C
+* Educator 64-1 64 Rev1 Kernal without monitor in 64 case.                  RS
+* Educator 64-2 64 Rev1 Kernal, green monitor, PET case.                    GP
+* PET64         CBM 4064 (Educator 64-2)                                    GP
+* (Color) MAX   64 with 16kB, no Keyboard, just Exp. Port and Video Out.    EC
+  Unimax        MAX Machine.
+* Ultimax       MAX Machine.                                                FH
+  CBM VC-10     C-64 with stripped down Basic 2.0, 2.5kB RAM, Ultimax
+* CBM C64G      RCH8                                                        AA
+* CBM C64GS     Game Console, GS = Game System. 64 with no keyboard.        MM
+C-128 Series:   128kB, Cream Case, 40*25 and 80*25 screen, 64 and CP/M em.
+* C-128         One-Piece Unit, 16kB VDC.                                   GP
+* C-128         One-Piece Unit, 64kB VDC.
+* C-128D        Two-Piece,16K VDC, Used C128 board, internal 1571. Fan
+* C-128DCR      C128D with 64K VDC, Metal Case, Cost Reduced, No Fan.       DL
+CBM 264 Series: Charcoal Grey Case, 40*25 screen
+* Plus/4        New Keyboard and Case design, 64kB RAM, 6551 UART           GP
+* C-16          64 Case and Keyboard Style, 16kB RAM                        JB
+* C-116         C-16 with Chiclet keys and smaller case                     SL
+Amiga Series:   680X0 processor, Off White Case
+* A500          One piece, 68000, Off-White, 880K 3.5" Floppy               FF
+* A500+         A500 + 2MB Agnus, 1MB Chip Ram Expandable to 2 MB
+* A600          One piece, 68000, White,ECS Chips,PCMCIA Slot,880K Floppy.
+* A600HD        A600 with 40 MB HD.
+* A1000         Detached Keyboard, 68000, Cream, 256kB, 880K Floppy.
+* A1000-1       Detached older style keyboard, 68000, no daughterboard      CS
+* A1000-2       Has both daughter and motherboards                          YC
+* A1200         White, 68EC020, PCMCIA slot,AGA graphics, one piece.        AC
+  A1200HD/40    A1200 with 40 MB HD.
+* A1500         UK released A2000 with two drives
+* A2000A        detached keyboard, slots, 68000, .5 MB on board, .5 MB on
+                card in processor slot, German design
+* A2000B        US design, 1 MB on motherboard, CPU slot free               MN
+* A2000HD       A2000 with installed 50 MB SCSI hard disk.                  GR
+* A2500/20      A2000 with A2620(68020,68881,68851 @14.3MHz) processor card.CS
+* A2500/30      A2000 with A2630(68030,68882 @25 MHz) processor card.       CS
+* A2500UX       A2500 with UNIX and TapeDrive
+* A3000/16      ECS graphics, 68030 and 68881 @ 16 MHz, SCSI hard drive
+* A3000/25      ECS graphics, 68030 and 68882 @ 25 MHz, SCSI hard drive     BZ
+* A3000T        Tower Case with more slots.
+* A3000T/40     Tower Case with more slots and 68040
+* A3000UXA      A3000 with ATT Unix V.4, 5MB RAM, 100MB HD.
+* A3000UXB      A3000 with ATT Unix V.4, 10MB RAM, 200MB HD.
+* A4000/030     AGA graphics, 68EC030, IDE HD, 1.76 MB Floppy, no MMU.
+* A4000/040     White, AGA graphics, 68040, IDE HD, 1.76 MB Floppy.         FF
+* A4000T        Tower Case with More Slots.
+* Amiga CD32    Based on A1200, double speed CD-ROM, no keyboard.
+* CDTV          Black case, based on A500+ with CD-ROM, no keyboard, Remote.FF
+PC Series:
+* A1060         DOS/PC SideCar that connects to an A1000.
+* A2088         8088 BridgeBoard for A2000 and higher (4.77 MHz).
+* A2088D        A2088 @ 9.54 MHz.
+* A2286/8       80286 @ 8MHz BridgeCard.
+* A2386/16      80386 @ 16MHz BridgeCard.
+* A2386/20      80386 @ 20MHz BridgeCard.
+* A2386/25      80386 @ 25MHz BridgeCard.
+  Hyperion      PC Clone.  Looked like Dynalogic Hyperion
+* PC-1          8088 @ 4.77 MHz, Non-expandable.
+  PC-IV         ???
+* PC-5          8088 @ 4.77 MHz, 256kB RAM, 360kB 5.25" FD, monochrome.     SL
+* PC-10         8088 @ 4.77 MHz, 256kB RAM, 2 Floppies, Large Case, German.
+* PC-10 HD      PC-10 with 640kB RAM, 360kB 5.25" FD, 30 MB HD.
+* PC-20         PC-10 with 1 Floppy/1 10MB HD.                              RS
+* PC-30         80186 (US only)                                             RS
+* PC-40         80286 @ 10 MHz, Large Case                                  RS
+* PC-50         80386SX @ 25MHz.                                            RS
+* PC-60         80386DX @ 16 MHz German.
+* PC-70         Pentium, US only model.
+* PC-10 II      PC-10 with "Combined Board", 640 KB RAM.                    BZ
+* PC 20-II      PC-10 II with 1 floppy, 10 MB HD, later 20 MB.
+* PC 10-III-1   PC-10, large case, CGA + Hercules.
+* PC 10-III-2   PC-10, small case, turbo mode 9.54 MHz, CGA + Hercules.
+* PC 20-III     PC-10 III with 1 floppy, 20 MB HD.
+* PC 30-III     cheaper variant of PC 40-III (EGA, smaller HD, etc.).
+* PC 35-III     PC-30 III with VGA
+* PC 40-III-1   AT with 80286, 12 MHz, HD floppy, 20 MB HD, VGA&iO on cards
+* PC 40-III-2   PC 40-III, Colt style "all-in-one" brd, called Sel. Ed. 286 RM
+* PC 40-III-3   PC 40-III in tower case.
+* PC 45-III     a bit bigger HD
+* PC 60-III     AT 80386 @ 25 MHz, 0-200 MB HD, 5.25" and 3.5" FD, Tower.
+* PC Colt       Denoted a line of rebadged CBM PC units.                    BZ
+  SL 286 AT     80286 @ 16 MHz, VGA, 2MB RAM, 40 MB HD, 3.5" FD, Slimline.
+  SL 286 AT     as above but with extra 5.25" FD, Slimline.
+  SL 386 SX     80386SX @ 16 MHz, VGA, 2MB RAM, 40 MB HD, 3.5" FD.
+  SL 386-SX25   80386SX @ 25 MHz, SVGA 2MB RAM, 80 MB HD.
+  DT 386-25     80386DX @ 25 MHz, VGA, 1MB RAM, 40 MB HD, Desktop.
+  DT 386-33 C   80386DX @ 33 MHz, SVGA, 4MB RAM, 80/100 MB HD.
+  DT 486-33 C   80486DX @ 33 MHz, SVGA, 4MB RAM, 80-120 MB HD.
+  DT 486SX-25   80486SX @ 25 MHz, SVGA, 4MB RAM, 80 MB HD.
+* DT 486SX-25   80486SX @ 25 MHz, SVGA, 4MB RAM, 120 MB HD.                 DA
+  DT 486-25 C   80486DX @ 25 MHz, SVGA?, 4MB RAM, 100 MB HD.
+  T 486-25 C    DT 486-25 C in Tower Case.
+  T 486-50 C    80486DX @ 50 MHz, SVGA, 4MB RAM, 120 MB HD.
+* C 286 LT 12   80286 @ 12.5 MHz, 1MB RAM, 20 MB HD, 3.5" FD Notebook.
+* C 386SX-LT    80386SX @ 16 MHz, VGA (8 gray scale), 1 MB RAM, 20MB HD     SA
+* C 386SX-LT 20 80386SX @ 20 MHz, VGA, 2MB RAM, 40 MB HD Notebook.
+* C 386SX-LT 20 80386SX @ 20 MHz, VGA, 2MB RAM, 60 MB HD Notebook.
+* C 486SX-CLT   80486SX color notebook.
+* CL450e        80486DX @ 50 MHz, 32 bit EISA bus, SN# E4500007             JO
+* 4S3MPC        80486SX @ 33 MHz, VESA SVGA, 4MB RAM, 170 MB HD, *2 CD/Snd
+Cassette Series:Took regular cassettes, non standard format data.
+                Note: 1530 is same as C2N.  Therefore, variations were not
+                expanded.
+* CBM C2N-1     Black, 8.00"Lx5.25"Wx2.50"H, 5 button, No Tape Ctr.         GP
+* CBM C2N-2     Cream C2N-1, Tinted Window, Tape Counter.                   JB
+* CBM C2N-3     C2N-2 with bolder logo.                                     GP
+* CBM C2N-4     Cream, 6.00"Lx7.75"Wx2.00"H, 6 button,Clear Win., Tape Ctr. GP
+* CBM C2N-5     C2N-4 with no counter label, orange under cassette.         GP
+* CBM C2N-6     C2N-4 with no save label, bolder logo.                      GP
+* CBM C2N-7     C2N-4 with tinted win., bolder logo.                        BG
+* CBM 1531      Charcoal Grey C2N-6, Commodore 16/+4 Cassette Drive         TH
+* CBM Load-It   LED Readout, Adjustment Screw
+Disk Drive Series:
+* Amiga 1010    Single 3.5" 880K, offered for Amiga 1000, AmigaSerial.      MJ
+* Amiga 1011    Single 3.5" 880K, offered for Amiga 500 & 2000, AmigaSerial.JM
+* Amiga 1020    Single 5.25", 440K Amiga, 360K MS-DOS, In 1571 Case.        CS
+* Amiga 2010    Single 3.5", 880K Internal for A2000/2500.
+* Amiga 2020    Single 5.25", 440K Internal for A2000.
+* Amiga 3010    Single 3.5", 1.76M Dual Speed, internal.
+* CBM 1541      *All types, see VIC 1541*
+* CBM 1541C     Single 5.25" 170K, updated 1541, Brown, Turn-Down,Serial.
+* CBM 1541C     Single 5.25" 170K, updated 1541, Cream, Turn-Down,Serial.   GP
+* CBM 1541C     Single 5.25" 170K, updated 1541, Cream, Push-Down,Serial.   GP
+* CBM 1541 II   Single 5.25" 170K, Cream, Sep. PS, Direct Drive, Serial.    GP
+* CBM 1541 II   Single 5.25" 170K, Cream, Sep. PS, Belt Drive, Serial.      JB
+* CBM 1542      Single 5.25" 170K, Charcoal Grey, Serial.
+* CBM 1551      1541, Push-Down Closure, Chacoal Grey, TED Parellel.        RJ
+* CBM 1551      1541, Turn-Down Closure, Chacoal Grey, TED Parellel.        PB
+* CBM 1570      Single 5.25" SS Version of 1571, Cream in 1541 case.        GP
+* CBM 1571      Single 5.25" 340K(128),170K(64),CPM,Cream,Alps Mech,Serial. GP
+* CBM 1571      Single 5.25" 340K(128),170K(64),CPM,Cream,NewT Mech,Serial. GP
+* CBM 1571CR    Internal 1571 used in C128D
+* CBM 1572      Dual 1571, Cream color, 5000 made, side-by-side device 0&1
+* CBM 1581      Single 3.5" 800K, Cream, Serial.                            JB
+* CBM 2020      dual ???" external floppy drives                            LI
+* CBM 2031      Single 5.25" 170K, Off-White, IEEE-488.                     GP
+* CBM 2031-SL   Single 5.25" 170K, Off-White, IEEE-488. (SL = Slim Line)
+* CBM 2031 LP   Single 5.25" 170K, DOS2.6, Off-White, 1541 Case,IEEE-488.   GP
+* CBM 2031 LP   Single 5.25" 170K, DOS2.6, Tan, 1541 Case,IEEE-488.         GP
+* CBM 2040      Dual 5.25" 170K, DOS1.0, Off-White, No Rel Files, IEEE-488. GP
+* CBM 2040      Dual 5.25" 170K, DOS1.2, Off-White, No Rel Files, IEEE-488. GP
+* CBM 2081      Single 5.25" ?????
+* CBM 3040      2040.                                                       GP
+* CBM 4031 HP   2031 HP. (Has 4040 Mechanism)                               SL
+* CBM 4031 LP   2031 LP.
+* CBM 4040      Dual 5.25" 170K, DOS2.0, Off-White, IEEE-488.
+* CBM 4040      Dual 5.25" 170K, DOS2.1, Off-White, IEEE-488.               GP
+* CBM 8050      Dual 5.25" 512K, DOS2.1, Off-White, IEEE-488.
+* CBM 8050      Dual 5.25" 512K, DOS2.5, Off-White, IEEE-488.               GP
+* CBM 8050      Dual 5.25" 512K, DOS2.7, Off-White, IEEE-488.               JB
+  CBM 8060      Single 8", 750K, Off-White, IEEE-488.
+* CBM 8061      Dual 8", 1.6M, Off-White, IEEE-488.(IBM 3740 and CBM format)GP
+* CBM 8062      Dual 8", 3.2M, Off-White, IEEE-488.(IBM 3740 and CBM format)
+* CBM 8250      Dual 5.25" 1MB, DOS2.7, Off-White, IEEE-488.                GP
+* CBM 8250 LP   Dual 5.25" 1MB, DOS2.7, Off-White, Half Height, IEEE-488.   GP
+* CBM 8280      Dual 8" 1MB, DOS3.0, Off-White, Read IBM disks, Slimline.   WA
+* CBM D9060     5 MB Hard Drive, DOS3.0, Off-White, IEEE-488.               GP
+* CBM D9090     7.5 MB Hard Drive, DOS3.0, Off-White, IEEE-488.             GP
+* CD 1411       Black version of Amiga 1011. CDTV dedicated.
+* PC 910        Single 3.5" 360K/720K, Internal for PC10/20-I-II-III.
+* PC 915        Newer 910.
+* PC 920        Single 5.25" 360K/1.2M, Internal for PC10/20-I-II-III.
+* SFD 1001      Single 5.25" 1MB, In 1541 Case, DOS2.7, Brown, IEEE-488.    JB
+* SFS 481       CBM 1551. (This was its first number, then they renamed it)
+* VIC 1540      Single 5.25" 170K, Off-White, Xfer spd > 1541, Serial.
+* VIC 1541      Single 5.25" 170K, Push-Down Closure, Off-White, Serial     JB
+* VIC 1541      Single 5.25" 170K, Push-Down Closure, Brown, Serial.        JB
+* VIC 1541      Single 5.25" 170K, Turn-Down Closure, Brown, Serial.        JB
+Printer Series:
+* CBM 530       Small Receipt Printer, 70mm paper roll, black/red ribbon    BC
+* CBM 1526      80 Col. 8.5" Wide 8*8 Matrix No GFX, Brown, Serial 60cps.   JB
+  CBM 2021      80 Col. Matrix Electrosatic (Thermal) Printer, GFX.
+* CBM 2022      80 Col. 8.5" Wide 7*6 Matrix No GFX, Off-White, IEEE-488.   GP
+* CBM 2023      Friction-Only 2022.
+* CBM 3022      2022 for PET 3000, IEEE-488.                                SL
+* CBM 3023      2023 for PET 3000, IEEE-488.                                TL
+* CBM 4022      80 Col, 10" Wide 8*6 Matrix No GFX, Epson MX-80, IEEE-488.  SL
+* CBM 4022p     Bidirectional 4022, Epson MX-70?, IEEE-488.
+* CBM 4023      80 Col. 10" Wide 8*8 Matrix No GFX, NLQ, Brown, IEEE-488.   GP
+* CBM 6400      C.Itoh Starwriter F10-40, Centronics or IEEE-488            SL
+  CBM 8022      ?
+* CBM 8023      80 Col. 14" Wide 8*8 Matrix No GFX, Off White, IEEE-488     JB
+  CBM 8023P     136 Col. 15" Wide 8*6 Matrix, GFX, IEEE-488.
+* CBM 8024      132 Col. Mannesman Tally, 7*7, Upgrade to 7*9, Cream, IEEE. GV
+* CBM 8024/A    132 Col. Mannesman Tally, 9*7, 160 cps bidirectional.       SL
+* CBM 8024L     8024 Multi-Pass NLQ Printer, IEEE-488.
+* CBM 8026      OLYMPIA ESW-103, TypeWriter Printer, IEEE-488.
+* CBM 8026b     8026 Extended.?
+* CBM 8027      8026 without Keys, IEEE-488.
+* CBM 8028      132 Col. 15" Daisy-Wheel, (Robotron), Cent./IEEE-488         SL
+* CBM 8075      Plotter, available in 1 and 8 pen variety, IEEE-488
+* CBM 8229      8028 with 16kB print buffer.
+* CBM 8300P     Diablo 630, Daisy Wheel, Cream, IEEE-488.
+  CBM-P1        Daisy Wheel Printer.
+* DPS 1101      132 Col. 13", Daisy-Wheel, Friction Feed, Juki 6100, Serial.
+* DPS 1120      116-175 Col. 14.5" wide Daisy, Black, Serial.  (Olympia)    RH
+* IP3300        Ink Jet Printer                                             IM
+* LPS 2000      Laser Printer, Centronics (Possibly German Only).
+* MCS 801       80 Col. 8.5" Wide 8*8 Matrix GFX Color, Serial.             FB
+* MPC 801       Juki Color Printer                                          HR
+* MPP 1361      8023P.                                                      GP
+* MPS 801       80 Col. 8.5" Wide 7*6 Matrix GFX, Brown, Serial.            GP
+* MPS 802       1526.                                                       JB
+* MPS 803       80 Col. 8.5" Wide 7*6 Matrix GFX, Brown, Serial.            GP
+* MPS 803       80 Col. 8.5" Wide 7*6 Matrix GFX, Charcoal Grey, Serial.    GP
+* MPS 810       Okimate 10 ?                                                CA
+* MPS 820       Okimate 20 ?                                                CA
+* MPS 1000      Epson HomeWriter, US Version. 9 pin, 100cps draft.          BZ
+* MPS 1000      Epson HomeWriter, Intl. version with switchable charsets.   GD
+* MPS 1000      Seikosha 1000.
+* MPS 1200      Citizen 120D. 9 pin 120 cps draft, CBM Serial interface.    BW
+* MPS 1200P     MPS 1200 with Parallel Interface.                           DW
+* MPS 1224C     Mannesmann Tally, 24 pin Color Printer, MT Printer, Ser/Par
+* MPS 1230      Citizen, 9 pin, Centronics.                                 EB
+* MPS 1250      Citizen, Serial/Centronics.                                 BZ
+* MPS 1270      Ink Jet Printer, uses Kodak Diconix Cartridges, Centronics. DL
+* MPS 1500      ???
+* MPS 1550      9 pin printer, Centronics.
+* MPS 1550C     9 pin 4 color Printer, OLIVETTI DM105, Centronics.          MH
+* MPS 2000      NEC P6
+* MPS 2000C     NEC P6 Color
+* MPS 2010      NEC P7
+* MPS 2010C     NEC P7 Color
+* VIC 1510      ???? (predecessor of VIC 1515)
+* VIC 1515      80 Col. 7.0" Wide 6*7 Matrix GFX, Off White, Serial.        GY
+* VIC 1520      80 Col. 4.0" Wide Plotter, GFX, Off White, 4 color. Serial
+* VIC 1520      80 Col. 4.0" Wide Plotter, GFX, Brown, Paper Cover,Ser.     GY
+* VIC 1520      80 Col. 4.0" Wide Plotter, GFX, Brown, No Paper Cover,Ser.  PZ
+* VIC 1525      80 Col. 8.5" Wide 7*6 Matrix GFX, Off-White, Serial.        JB
+  VIC 1525e     same as 1525, but ROMs implement slower bus for 64.
+Monitor Series:
+* CBM 1070      Dig&Analog RGBI.                                            BR
+* CBM 1080      13" Comp. Sep, Dig&Analog RGB                               YC
+* CBM 1081      1987 German Amiga Monitor                                   MK
+* CBM 1083S-P1  13" Comp, Sep, D&A RGBI, Stereo, CVBS/RGB/LCA 1991 French   PM
+* CBM 1084      1080 with squarer case .42mm dot pitch
+* CBM 1084-D    12" Comp. Sep, Dig&Analog RGBI, ???? case, Mono.            FM
+* CBM 1084S-P   13" Comp, Sep, Dig&Analog RGBI, 1902 case, Stereo.          FF
+* CBM 1084S-P1  13" Comp, Sep, Dig&Analog RGBI, 1084 case,stero hphone jack MJ
+* CBM 1084S-D   13" Comp, Sep, Dig&Analog RGBI, 1080 case, Stereo.          JB
+* CBM 1084S-D1  13" Comp, Sep, Dig&Analog RGBI, 1084 case, Stereo.          DE
+* CBM 1085S     14" .52mm dot pitch 1084
+* CBM 1402      12" Hercules Monitor                                        SM
+* CBM 1403      13" VGA.
+* CBM 1404      14" Amber Monochrome.
+* CBM 1407      14" VGA Monochrome, 64 grey tones.
+* CBM 1450      Monochrome BISYNC monitor.
+  CBM 1601      12" Monochrome monitor.
+  CBM 1701      13" Comp, Sep, 5 pin DIN adaptor, JVC elec. Hitachi tube.   JB
+* CBM 1702      13" Comp, Sep, Came with 8 pin DIN adaptor. Magnavox.       JB
+  CBM 1703      Repackaged 1702 for 264 series,  Was Charcoal Grey.
+* CBM 1801      14" Comp, Sep, PAL.                                         JT
+* CBM 1802      13" Comp, Sep, Mono, Grey, one big knob in front.           PS
+* CBM 1802      13" Comp, Sep, Mono, Grey, Two small knobs in front.
+* CBM 1802      13" Comp, Sep, Mono, Cream, Tilted screen.
+* CBM 1802C     13" Comp, Sep, Mono, Cream, Straight screen.
+* CBM 1900      12" Green Mono Monitor.
+  CBM 1901      European 128 Monitor (Thomson).                             AC
+* CBM 1902      13" Comp, Sep, Digital RGBI, has a 9 pin RGB plug.          MP
+* CBM 1902A     13" Comp, Sep, Digital RGBI, Looks like 1084, DIN RGB plug. DL
+* CBM 1903      13" EGA
+* CBM 1904      13" EGA
+* CBM 1930      14" VGA .31mm dot pitch.
+* CBM 1934      14" VGA .39mm dot pitch.
+* CBM 1935-II   14" SVGA, .28mm dot pitch, MPR-II low radiation.
+* CBM 1936      14" SVGA .28mm dot pitch.
+* CBM 1944      13" EGA Low Radiation
+* CBM 1940      Amiga Multiscan Monitor
+* CBM 1942      Amiga Multiscan Monitor                                     FF
+* CBM 1950      13" MultiScan
+* CBM 1960      13" MultiScan
+* CBM 2002-23   13" Comp, Sep, Dig&Analog RGBI.                             CS
+* CBM 2002-89   13" Comp, Sep, Dig&Analog RGBI.
+  CBM 2020
+* CBM 2024      15" Grey scale 1024*1024(PAL), 1024*800(NTSC).              IN
+* CBM 2080      13" CBM 1080 with High Persistence Phosphors.               TM
+* CBM CM141     13" Comp, Sep., Grey.                                       WS
+* CBM CM8833                                                                JA
+* CBM DM-10     12" CGA monochrone text monitor for PC-10.
+* Viking        Moniterm: 19" Grey Scale 1024*1024, Made by Moniterm/CBM.
+is similar, but has electronics in monitor.
+Modem Series:   Direct Connect (8010 is aucoustic).
+* Amiga RS1200  0-1200 bps, Hayes Compatible
+* Btx-Modul I   Cartridge IC to display CEPT GFX (BTX = German CIS)
+* Btx-Modul II  Upgraded version of Btx-Modul I.
+* CBM 1650      0-300 bps, Pulse Dial, known as 'Automodem'                 BZ
+* CBM 1660      0-300 bps, Pulse Dial, Tone Dial with 64, Brown/White       DV
+* CBM 1660      0-300 bps, Pulse Dial, Tone Dial with 64, Cream/Black       DV
+* CBM 1670      0-1200 bps, Hayes Compatible, ATS0=0 turns off Auto-Answer  BZ
+* CBM 1670CR    1670 with DIP switches to turn off default auto-answer      JB
+* CBM 1680      1670 with true RS-232 for Amiga.                            BZ
+* CBM 6499      300/300 and 1200/75 bps modem for 64. Italian Compunet?     FF
+* CBM 8010      0-300 bps, US & Euro Versions, IEEE-488                     SL
+* Compunet      plugged into Exp. Port, Cream case.
+* VIC 1600      0-300 bps, No dial.                                         JB
+* VM 2400       0-2400 bps, CCITT V.24, Model 701324, BTX, MNP 5, V.42bis   RL
+Mouse Series:
+* CBM 1350      Emulates Joystick only                                      BZ
+* CBM 1351-1    Emulates Joy and prop mouse. sliding ball release           IC
+* CBM 1351-2    Emulates Joy and prop mouse. rotating ball release          IC
+* CBM 1352      Amiga 2 button Mouse, will work with PC-III models.         MN
+* CBM 1360      Serial Mouse for PC series.
+* 313254-01     2 button Amiga mouse.                                       BZ
+* 313255-01     3 button Amiga mouse.                                       CS
+* CD-1252       Amiga 2 button mouse, black, infrared, CDTV dedicated
+* CD-1253       CDTV mouse, 8.5 foot cable. black                           BB
+RAM Expanders:
+* 8032099       64kB RAM for 8032.                                          RS
+* A501          512kB for Amiga 500                                         AC
+* A501+         1MB for Amiga 500+
+* A590          Ram Expansion 2MB, SCSI and XT bus for A500
+* A601          1MB for Amiga 600
+* A1050         256kB for Amiga 1000 (Under Front Cover)                    CS
+* A2058-2       2MB for Amiga 2000, expandable to 8                         BK
+* CBM 1700      128kB.                                                      WS
+* CBM 1750      512kB                                                       AC
+* CBM 1764      256kB.                                                      JB
+* CD 1401       Personal RAM Card for CDTV (64kB)
+* CD 1405       Personal RAM card for CDTV (256kB)
+* VIC 1110      8kB for VIC-20                                              WS
+* VIC 1111      16kB for VIC-20                                             JB
+* VIC 1210      3kB for VIC-20                                              BZ
+Joysticks:
+                VIC Joystick, Atari style body and stick.
+* VIC 1311      VIC Joystick, Rectangular body, triangular stick            JB
+* VIC 1312      VIC Paddles                                                 MP
+*               Paddles, Dark Grey, Light Grey Knobs.                       GP
+* T-1341        Plus 4 Joystick
+* T-1342        Plus 4 Joystick                                             BZ
+CPU Upgrade Series:
+* Amiga 2620    68020 and 68881 @ 14.3 MHz for A2000                        CS
+* Amiga 2630    68030 and 68882 @ 25 MHz for A2000  with 4MB RAM            CS
+* Amiga 3640    68040 CPU Card for A3000T.                                  FF
+Networking Series:
+* Amiga 560     ARCNET for Amiga 500.                                       MN
+* Amiga 2060    ARCNET for A2000 for star topology                          MN
+* Amiga 2060    ARCNET for A2000 for bus topology
+* Amiga 2065    Ethernet for A2000
+* Amiga 2232    7 Port Multi-Serial Card.
+* MBS 100       Mehr-Benutzer-System (Multi-User-System) Mother Unit with   SL
+                one D-25 and 1 IEEE-488.  Basically a simply-designed
+                peripheral-sharing system
+* MBS 150       Daughter Unit, had two D-25's and one IEEE-488
+* MBS 150       MBS 150 with extra plug to connect 8032SK                   SL
+* MBS-CP        MBS System for Commodore 64.
+Cartridge Series:
+* C64108        Simons' BASIC                                               JB
+*               International Soccer
+*               Magic Desk I                                                MN
+*               Magic Voice Speech Module
+*               Music Machine
+*               Number Nabber                                               JB
+*               Shape Grabber                                               JB
+* C64403        Music Composer                                              JB
+* C64601        Jupiter Lander                                              MN
+* C64602        Kickman         * = Bally developed under CBM license       JB
+* C64603        Sea Wolf        *                                           JB
+* C64604        Speed Math/Bingo Math
+* C64605        Radar Rat Race
+* C64606        Clowns          *                                           MN
+* C64609        Visible Solar System
+* C64610        Tooth Invaders
+  C64612        Blueprint       *
+* C64613        Lazarian        *
+* C64614        Omega Race      *
+  C64615        Wizard of Wor
+* C64616        Le Mans
+* C64617        Pinball Spectacular
+* C64618        Gorf
+* C64621        Avenger                                                     JB
+* C64622        Super Smash                                                 JB
+* C64623        Star Post
+* C64624        Frogmaster
+* C64631        Star Ranger
+*               64 Super Expander                                           JB
+*               C16 Tutor                                                   JB
+                Jelly Monsters VIC Cart, Pac Man Clone.  GFX too close to   AB
+                Pac Man.  Taken off Market.  GFX changed.  Re-released as
+                Cosmic Crunchers.
+* VIC 1211A     VIC SuperExpander with 3kB RAM Expansion. (for VIC-20) (gm) JB
+* VIC 1212      VIC Programmer's Aid. (for VIC-20)                          BZ
+* VIC 1213      VIC Machine Language Monitor. (for VIC-20)                  HS
+* VIC 1901      Avenger (VIC Avenger) (bp)                                  GY
+* VIC 1901      Avenger (VIC Avenger) (gm)                                  JB
+* VIC 1902      Star Battle
+* VIC 1904      Slot (Super Slot), Japan, embossed aluminum label           GY
+* VIC 1905      Jelly Monsters, Handic SW, Sweden, silver foil label
+* VIC 1906      Alien (Super Alien) (gm)                                    JB
+* VIC 1907      Jupiter Lander   (Super Lander?) (gm)                       JB
+* VIC 1908      Poker (Draw Poker)                                          GY
+* VIC 1909      Road Race (Midnight Drive)                                  GY
+* VIC 1909      Rat Race? Handic SW, Sweden, silver foil label              AB
+* VIC 1910      Radar Rat Race                                              GY
+* VIC 1911      The Sky Is Falling                                          GY
+* VIC 1912      Mole Attack (gm)                                            JB
+* VIC 1912      Mole Attack (bp)                                            JB
+* VIC 1913      Raid On Fort Knox, Hong Kong (gp)                           GY
+* VIC 1913      Raid On Fort Knox, Hong Kong (bp)                           JB
+* VIC 1914      Adventure Land                                              GY
+* VIC 1914      Adventure Land (bp)                                         JB
+* VIC 1915      Pirate's Cove                                               GY
+* VIC 1916      Mission Impossible                                          GY
+* VIC 1917      The Count                                                   GY
+* VIC 1917      The Count (bp)                                              JB
+* VIC 1918      Voodoo Castle                                               GY
+* VIC 1919      Sargon II Chess (gm)                                        JB
+* VIC 1920      Pinball (Pinball Spectacular?), Hong Kong, grey plastic lab GY
+* VIC 1921      Super Smash                                                 GY
+* VIC 1921      Super Smash (bp)                                            JB
+* VIC 1922      Cosmic Cruncher (bp)                                        JB
+* VIC 1923      Gorf (bp)                                                   JB
+* VIC 1924      Omega Race (bp)                                             JB
+* VIC 1924      Omega Race (gm)                                             JB
+* VIC 1925      Money Wars                                                  GY
+* VIC 1926      Menagerie
+* VIC 1927      Cosmic Jailhouse (Cosmic Jailbreak), Hong Kong, grey label
+* VIC 1928      Home Babysitter
+* VIC 1929      Personal Finance
+* VIC 1930      Visible Solar System                                        GY
+* VIC 1931      Clowns                                                      GY
+* VIC 1932      Garden Wars                                                 GY
+* VIC 1933      Speed Math/Bingo Math                                       GY
+* VIC 1933      Speed Math/Bingo Math (bp)                                  JB
+* VIC 1935      Commodore Artist (gp)                                       JB
+* VIC 1937      Sea Wolf (bp)                                               JB
+* VIC 1938      Tooth Invaders                                              GY
+* VIC 1939      Star Post (bp)                                              JB
+* VIC 1941      Number Nabber Shape Grabber
+  VIC 2011      VIC-Stat cartridge.
+  VIC 2012      VIC-Graph cartridge.
+  VIC 2013      VIC-Forth cartridge.
+Cassette Software Series:
+*               An Introduction to BASIC Part I (VIC)                       PA
+*               An Introduction to BASIC Part II (VIC)                      PA
+* C64301        An Introduction to BASIC Part I (64)                        JB
+* VL110         Gorek and the Microchips                                    JB
+  VT106A        Recreation Six Pack (Car Chase, Blue Meanies, Space Math,
+                Slither/Super Slither, Bioryhtm Capability)
+* VT107A        Home Utility Six Pack (Cassette with Personal Finance I & 2,
+                VIC Typewriter, Expense Calendar, Loan and Mort. Calc,
+                Home Inventory                                              DR
+* VT108         Math Improvement Six Pack (Numbowl, LCM Machine, Sector
+                Five, Backfire, Ruler Dueler, City Motel                    PA
+* VT109         Six Pack Sampler (Crawler, Treasure of the Bat Cave, Big
+                Wolf, Alpha Draw, Music Synthesizer, Super Seeker           PA
+Diskette Software Series:
+* C64106        PILOT Programming Language (Large Book)                     JB
+* C64207        Easy Script 64 (book, disks, and cardboard case             JB
+* C64220        General Ledger v1.0                                         JB
+* C64221        Account's Receivable                                        CO
+* C64222        Account's Payable                                           CO
+* C64223        Payroll v1.0                                                CO
+* C64626        Infocom Zork II (marketed under CBM name)                   JB
+* C64628        Infocom Deadline (marketed under CBM name)                  JB
+* C64711        Math III                                                    JB
+*               Introduction to Advanced BASIC Commands and Concepts        JB
+*               Model 1541 Test/Demo Diskette                               JB
+*               Commodore 64 Screen Editor                                  JB
+Miscellaneous Series:
+*               High Speed Graphic Expander for 600/700 Series              SK
+*               Tractor Feed for MPS 803                                    BZ
+*               HiRes Graphics for PET 4000/8000.
+*               MOS Technology EPROM Programmer, Off-White.                 GP
+                Single Sheet Feeder for CBM 8028.
+                CBM 3040 to CBM 4040 ROM upgrade kit.
+*               252594-01 CDTV remote controller, standard unit.            BB
+        High Speed Graphics board for CBM 40XX/80XX.                PO
+  1001027-03    PAL TV Modulator for VIC-20.                                FF
+* 201490-01     CHESSmate PCB: 201482 Rev A.  4 LEDs, 4 dig display. 19 key MB
+* Amiga 10      Stereo MultiMedia Speakers, Cream.                          CS
+* Amiga 520     RF Modulator Channel 3-4, Audio In, Video Out, RF Out       JM
+* Amiga 570     CD-ROM for Amiga 500+, CDTV compatible.
+* Amiga 1300    Amiga Genlock made for Amiga 1000.
+* Amiga 1310    Amiga Genlock.
+* Amiga 2031    Amiga PAL Video modulator board for A2000
+* Amiga 2032    Amiga PAL Video modulator board for A2000
+* Amiga 2070    150.250 MB Tape Drive, uses 1/4" tape, Grey, SCSI, A2000
+* Amiga 2090    SCSI and ST506 (MFM)                                        MN
+* Amiga 2090A   Autoboot A2090
+* Amiga 2091    SCSI Controller, RAM Expansion.                             CS
+* Amiga 2300    Amiga Genlock for A2000.
+  Amiga 2301    Semi-professional Genlock (Possibly PAL?)
+* Amiga 2320    Deinterlacer card.  Converts 15.75KHz display to 31.5KHz.
+* Amiga 2350    Professional Genlock for A2000.
+  Amiga 2351    Genlock (PAL?)
+* Amiga 2410    "University of Lowell" TIGA Card, 8 bit GFX, TI34010.
+  Amiga 2995    Video Master (Direction rack + Genlock + Video Digitizer)
+* Amiga 3070    150.250 MB Tape Drive, uses 1/4" tape, Cream, SCSI.         CS
+* Amiga 3406    Amiga RF Modulator.
+* Amiga 4091    SCSI-2 Controller for Zorro III Slot.
+* AMIX          O.S. ATT SysVR4 for A2000. Requires A2620.
+* CBM 1399      MicroSwitches Joystick w/ Auto-Fire.
+* CBM 4010      Voice Response Unit made by Votrax for PETs.
+* CBM 4270      I/O Controller for CBM PET series.                          SL
+* CBM 8072      Graphics Tablet, IEEE-488.
+* CBM 64850     Magic Voice Module for Commodore 64. (p/n 319000-01         GB
+* CBM 60110     Commodore 64 CP/M Cartridge. US model?                      JV
+* CBM 606480    Commodore 64 CP/M Cartridge. German model?                  HS
+* CD 1200       Black external infrared controller for CDTV.
+* CD 1221       Black version of A4000 Keyboard. CDTV dedicated, not I/R.   BZ
+* CD 1300       Genlock card for CDTV (NTSC)
+* CD 1301       Genlock card for CDTV (PAL)
+* CD 1321       SCART card for CDTV
+  CSA 58A-601   Thermostat manufactured for Johnson Controls.               DB
+* Sound Expander CBM SFX FM Sound Expander: uses FM DSS IC in Yamaha DX7    RW
+* Sound Sampler CBM SFX Sound Sampler                                       RW
+* x375          Commodore Scanner                                           DI
+* VIC 1011A     RS-232 Interface, Outputted True RS-232 Voltages            DT
+* VIC 1011B     RS-232 20mA Current Loop.                                   NP
+* VIC 1020      Expansion Chassis for VIC                                   AC
+* VIC 1112      IEEE-488 Interface.                                         HS
+  VIC 1214      VIC Voice Synthesizer.
+  VIC 4011      VIC-REL (Rele') Remote control switch
+  VIC 4012      Vic-Switch.  Allow 16 VICs to share drives and printers.
+* VIC 1010      VIC-20 Expansion Module                                     GE
+* VM115         Softback Books (VIC Revealed, VIC Games, VIC Graphics,
+                Stimulating Situations for the VIC)
+------------------Commodore Models Never Produced or Marketed:----------------
+Commodore TOI Series:
+  TOI           "The Other Intellect"
+Commodore PET Series:
+* CBM 4032-P    Portable 4032 Prototype. Had 4032, 4040, and Datasette.     RS
+* CBM 8033      Color 8032. (Used NEC monitor in regular monitor housing)
+  PETREGISTER   (CBMREGISTER) Cash register PET (based on 8032). 50 units
+Commodore VIC Series:
+  VIC-20TV      Vic-20 with built in 2" TV
+Commodore 64 Series:
+  CBM SX-100    Predecessor of the SX-64, had B&W monitor.
+  CBM DX-64     SX-64 with two drives.
+Commodore 264 Series:
+* CBM 232       C16 in Plus/4 case with 32 kB RAM
+* CBM 264       Prototype Plus/4                                            JB
+* CBM CV364     264 with keypad and speech synthesizer.
+* CBM 464       C900
+Commodore LCD Series:
+  CBM CLCD      Commodore Portable with LCD screen. 1MHz 65C102, BASIC 3.6,
+kB RAM, 96 kB ROM, 80x16 text display, 480x128 graphics,
+                RS-232-C, Centronics, and H-P Bar Coder Ports, Plus-4 type
+                keyboard, no SID, no sprites, ML Monitor in ROM.
+  CBM C64Laptop Erroneous name for CLCD.
+Commodore 128 Series:
+  CBM C128PC    Preannounce name for C128.
+* CBM C128D/81  Prototype C128D (plastic) with 3.5" drive                   AA
+* CBM 256       128 with 125MB HD, one button mouse, built-in 3.5" drive    FD
+Commodore P series:
+  CBM P128      P-500
+* CBM P500      B128 case, 2 joystick ports, 40 column video.               LA
+C900 Series:    Prototype UNIX System, dropped after Amiga acquisition
+                Zilog Z8000 CPU, Runs Coherent 0.7.3, UNIX 7 clone,
+                Built-In Floppy, HD, IEEE-488. MFM Disk Controller, 1MB
+bps, 500 units made. Came in two versions.
+* C900/lo       LoRes (80*24 Text, Max 6 Serial Lines)                      PL
+* C900/hi       HiRes (1024*800 Graphics 2 Serial Lines)                    SL
+* Z 8000/lo     C900/lo                                                     PL
+* Z 8000/hi     C900/hi                                                     SL
+Amiga Series:
+  A300          Prototype A600
+  A300CD        A 300 + CD ROM Drive (first name of CD32 unit.)
+  A3000+        3000 with 25MHz 68040, AGA, DSP. (<100 made)
+  CDTV-II       CDTV with built in drive
+Commodore 64DX Series: had both 64 and 65 mode.  built in 1581 style drive.
+                       Native mode had BASIC 10.0, dual SID, 128kB and 3.54
+                       MHz 6502 derivative CPU with extra addressing modes.
+                       Could access >64kB directly.
+* CBM C65       Commodore 64 DX Machine                                     JB
+Drive Series:
+  CBM 1010      Pre 2040 prototype?
+  CBM 1020	Pre 2040 prototype?
+  CBM 1030      Pre 2040 prototype?
+  CBM 1541H     High density 1541 drive
+  CBM 1543      1541H
+  CBM 1541D     Double 1541
+  CBM 1561      720kB single 3.5". for Commodore LCD.
+* CBM 1563      720kB single 3.5". prototype of 1581, found in C128D/81     AA
+  CBM 1571 II   1571 with external PS
+* CBM 1590-D-1  Single 3.5" 1.44MB, DOS 14.13, 1581 case, Serial.           JV
+  CBM 2041      Single 5.25" 170K, DOS1.2,Off-White,No Rel Files,IEEE-488.
+  CBM 4040 LP   Dual 5.25" 170K, Off-White, Half Height, IEEE-488
+  CBM 8070      Dual 8", ????
+  CBM 8250 LP   Prototype, no "tower" PCBs on motherboard                   PK
+  CBM D9062     Dual D9065.
+  CBM D9065     7.5 MB Hard Drive
+*               35MB HD, Serial                                             JV
+.5" DD FD for CBM Laptop, battery powered
+PC Series:
+* PC-30         PC-20-II with 20MB HD                                       PK
+* PC-70         prototype of TW486-25C                                      PK
+  PC-80-1       80386DX @ 16MHz, German.
+  PC-80-2       Pentium Pro machine. (US only)
+  A2088T        A2088 @ 8 MHz. V20.
+  A2286/6       80286 @ 6MHz BridgeCard.
+  A2286/10      80286 @ 10MHz BridgeCard.
+CPU Upgrade Series:
+  Amiga 2630    68030 and 68882 @ 33 MHz for A2000  with 4MB RAM
+Miscellaneous Series:
+* Amiga 3091    Internal SCSI Controller for A3000.
+                It exists, but is not a product.  It is a nickname for the
+                SCSI Controller part of the A3000 Motherboard.
+-----------------------------Owner Mnemonics:---------------------------------
+AA    Al Anger                   coyote@bridge.net
+AB    Adam Bergstrom             adam.bergstrom@um.erisoft.se
+AC    Anders Carlsson            anders.carlsson@star.ct.se
+BA    Brian Van Avermaete        sespgrrmmr@aol.com
+BB    Brian Bell                 bbell19@nwlink.com
+BC    Barbara Clarke             queenbee@mpx.com.au
+BD    Bill Dwyne                 dwyne@wchat.on.ca
+BG    Bruce Gomes                bgomes@magiccarpet.com
+BK    Barry Kryshka              avs@visi.com
+BR    Bob Richardson
+BW    Bill Ward
+BZ    Bo Zimmerman               bo@prismnet.com
+CA    Chris Alevras
+CE    Chris Eckersley            chris@brutaleq.demon.co.uk
+CH    Charlie Hitselberger       72570.2520@compuserve.com
+CK    Cameron Kaiser             ckaiser@sdcc17.ucsd.edu
+CO    Carl Sofranko              snowhite@borg.com
+CS    Christian Stich
+DA    Doug Armstrong
+DB    David Belter
+DE    David Evola                devola@attila.stevens-tech.edu
+DI    Darren Allion
+DL    Daniel Lowe
+DR    Dave Ross                  dross4@niu.edu
+DT    David Veatch               david.veatch@thuemmel.com
+DV    David Villegas             mnementh@netcom.com
+DW    Dirk Wilberg               Dirk_Wilberg@t-online.de
+EB    Erik Inge Bols             eibolsoe@online.no
+EC    Ernie Chorney
+EG    Edward Groenenberg
+FB    Fredrick Backman
+FD    Fred Dagler                fdagler@netcom.com
+FF    Fabrizio Farenga
+FH    Frank Hughes               frankh@iquest.net
+FM    Frank McKee                FRMCKEE@delphi.com
+FR    Francois Bruggemans        Francois.Bruggemans@ping.be
+GB    Gene B                     103243.446@compuserve.com
+GD    Gregoire Debaiseux
+GE    Gary Pearson
+GK    Golan Klinger
+GP    George Page
+GR    Glen R. Perye III          macross@rust.net
+GV    Gerben van Vlimmeren       vlimmere@simplex.nl
+GY    Gil Y. Parrish             63430.1546@compuserve.com
+HR    Harold Ross                hross@accutrade.com
+HS    Horst Schulte-Schrepping
+IC    Irv Cobb                   irv_cobb@radiks.net
+IM    Ian MacGowan               ev90028@dial.pipex.com
+IN    Thomas 'innot' Holland
+JA    Joerg Amhofer              jamhofer@sbox.tu-graz.ac.at
+JB    Jim Brain                  j.brain@ieee.org
+JC    Joe Cassara		 joec@graveline.com
+JL    Jim Malenczak              jmlnczk@omni.epsb.net
+JM    Jon Mines
+JO    Jim Ronback                jronback@direct.ca
+JP    Jim Spindler               commsys@syspac.com
+JR    John Robinson              R980007@tees.ac.uk
+JS    Jeff Shropshire            jshr@ix.netcom.com
+JT    Joe Tiziano
+JV    Jack Vanderwhite           ceejack@crl.com
+KK    Ken Kopin
+KO    Kevin Ottum                izombie@netins.net
+LA    Larry Anderson
+LI    Lincard                    lincard@itsmac.waikato.ac.nz
+LJ    L Jones                    jones29@delphi.com
+MB    Martijn van Buul           martijnb@stack.nl
+ME    Miika Seppanen             smaug@iwn.fi
+MH    Michael Herz
+MI    Marco Sicco                cshare@ix.netcom.com
+MJ    Marc-Jano Knopp            mjk@c64.org
+MK    Marcel van Kervinck
+MM    Marko Makela               Marko.Makela@hut.fi
+MN    Michael King               mhking@worldnet.att.net
+MP    Michael Parson
+MS    Myles Skinner
+NP    Nhat-Veit Phi
+PA    Patrick Mattauch           ay189@lafn.org
+PB    Peter Bartlett             106047.3262@compuserve.com
+PE    Pat Benner                 rufus@apexcorp.com
+PK    Peter Kittel
+PL    Pascal Lefrancois          eat@worldnet.net
+PM    P. Moulin                  zorg@ctid.hp3c.fr
+PO    Peter Soukup
+PS    Paul Siu
+PZ    Philip Zembrod
+RB    Richard Briggs             rgb@achilles.net
+RC    Rico                       elmer_fudd@voerde.globvill.de
+RH    Richard Hable
+RI    Rich White                 rwhite2@prolog.net
+RJ    R. Jaycocks
+RL    Rob vd Luur                luur@pi.net
+RM    Ronald A. Mayne            aardvark@chesco.com
+RN    RIchard Cini               70153.3367@compuserve.com
+RS    Ronald Snyder
+RW    Randy Winchester
+SA    Simon Lambourn             simonlam@cogs.sussex.ac.uk
+SD    Shawn Dessaigne            pierrot@jersey.net
+SF    Sean Fox                   mailcall@kiva.net
+SK    Stephan Kleinert           lemon@gromit.inka.de
+SL    Scott McLauchlan           scott@softserver@canberra.edu.au
+SM    Sander van Malssen
+SL    Simon Laule
+TE    Thomas Hechelhammer        119833920002-0001@t-online.de
+TG    Tom Griner                 TEG@vicor.com
+TH    Tapio Olavi Heikkinen
+TL    Thomas Lampart
+TM    Tony McKimm
+TA    Todd Mason                 BMW.M3er@sleepless.acm.uiuc.edu
+VM    Ville Muikkula             vmuikku@yrttis.ratol.fi
+WA    Wolfram Sauerteig          wsauerte@ac.hape.de
+                                 wolfram_sauerteig@hippo.fiod.de
+WS    Ward Shrake                wardshrake@aol.com
+WW    WrongWay                   wrongway@eagle.ais.net
+WZ    William Zwicky             w-zwicky@cecer.army.mil
+YC    Yvette Cantrell
+===========================End of Canonical List==============================
+=========================================================================
+@(#)surf: Hack Surfing
+For those who can access that great expanse of area called the World
+Wide Web, here are some new places to visit that are of interest to the
+Commodore community.  In early 1994, when the US Commodore WWW Site
+started, the number of sites online that catered to Commodore numbered
+in the 10's.  Now, the number is in the 100's.  What a change.
+If you know of a site that is not listed here, please feel free to send
+it to the magazine.  The following links have been gleaned from those
+recently changed or added to _CaBooM! - Your One Stop Commodore Links Site_.
+(http://www.jbrain.com/caboom/).
+Due to the large number of sites in the list this time, we're simply printing
+out the information on each site.  The information comes directly from the
+entry in CaBooM!, and no attempt has been made to correct grammar or spelling.
+You can review them for yourself.
+@(A): Web Sites
+     * The Trading Post
+       URL: http://www1e.btwebworld.com/tradingpost/
+       Parts include compatible and replacement data recorders, power
+       supplies, manuals and leads.
+     * Information on CommNet
+       URL: http://www.infinet.com/~mbendure/commnet
+       This page describes the theory and history behind CommNet.
+     * Linus c64 Page
+       URL: http://hem2.passagen.se/c64linus
+       View screen shots of and download my personal favourite games for
+       the c64. Also a sid section, Greve Graphics, Music Shop, Art
+       Studio and more. Updated at least once a week! Now with lots of
+       more games!
+     * Creater Omaha Commodore User's Group (GOCUG)
+       URL: http://www.jbrain.com/gocug/index.phtml
+       GOCUG serves the Omaha, Nebraska and nearby communities. A monthly
+       newsletter is published, and we hold monthly meetings at 900 N
+st Street in Omaha.
+     * Terry's Home Page
+       URL: http://members.tripod.com/~tmaynor/index.html
+       Commodore Help
+     * SWRAP User Group Home Page
+       URL: http://members.aol.com/RGHarris/swrap.html
+       SWRAP (South West Regional Assoc. of Programmers) User Group,
+       Inc., is a non-profit incorporated Commodore 64 & 128 user group,
+       located in Chicago, Illinois. Check out our Home Page for
+       information concerning meeting dates and times, and membership
+       costs & benefits. Randy Harris, President
+     * 5C Users Group
+       URL: http://www.personal.psu.edu/staff/t/s/tss109
+       Commodore User help in Central Pennsylvania. Updated frequently!!
+     * Why the CBM is STILL the Best Available Home Computer
+       URL: http://www.unc.edu/~echernof/cbm/best.html
+       This site offers the reasons Eric Chernoff still uses his
+       Commodore system.
+     * C-Net 64 DS2 WWW Site
+       URL: http://www.infinet.com/~mbendure/cnet/
+       Information about the DS2 variant of the C-Net 64 BBS software
+     * Bone's World of C64
+       URL: http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Campus/8814/index.htm
+       My site has the latest emulators and some games to play on those
+       emulators.
+     * PETindex
+       URL: http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/~fachat/8bit/petindex/petindex.html
+       PET hardware information gathered during the development of the
+       VICE PET emulator, with links to other pages.
+     * Special Reserve: Retro Corner Index
+       URL: http://special.reserve.co.uk/www/public/retro/retroindex.html
+       Special Reserve, the biggest computer games club in the world,
+       present this look back at yesteryear.
+     * ACTIVE InterNet HQ
+       URL: http://jota.sm.luth.se/~d95-pen/
+     * Commodore GEOS File List
+       URL: http://www.pernet.net/~james1/cbm_geos/
+       A Complete listing of all Commercial - Shareware - Freeware files
+       for GEOS that have been available on the various online services
+       and the Internet.
+     * Russell's Homepage
+       URL: http://www.tsm.com.au/Russell/homepage.htm
+       Commodore 64/128 files, Transfering files to and fro from PC and
+       C64/128 Packet Radio.
+     * Eyeth Software
+       URL: http://ubmail.ubalt.edu/~telliott/phantasm.html
+       Showcases one program called Phantasm & Fantasy Construction Set.
+       While still in beta stage, it is a program that allows the user to
+       design a 3-D dungeon similar to those found in the Bard's Tale
+       series or the Gold Box series made in collaboration by SSI/TSR.
+       Screenshots and a demo is included.
+     * Forces Of Evil
+       URL: http://www.cl.ais.net/wrongway/
+     * Light
+       URL: http://www.hh.se/stud/d94fa/light/light2.html
+       (Sweden) PAL group
+     * Daniel's C64 Nostalgica
+       URL: http://www.algonet.se/~daba/c64
+       Demos from the groups I've been a member of during the good old
+       C64 days. Some screen shots. You will find demos from: Unit Five
+       (U5), The Vicious Circle and Alf 1853 among others!
+     * The Commodore VIC-20
+       URL: http://php.indiana.edu/~rmelick/
+       A lot of interesting material about the VIC-20
+     * Greg and Dave's C64 Web Site
+       URL: http://www.ozemail.com.au/~gvincent
+       A web site that immortalizes the C=LXIV's ability to withstand the
+       test of time and live on in our hearts and our emulators!
+     * IHC Amiga Computers & Squeaky Sam's Internet Flea Market
+       URL: http://www.provide.net/~ihc
+       We buy and sell used computers and offer support to the owners of
+       "orphan systems." Our business is totally internet, and run on
+       Commodore and Amiga Computers
+     * The Inner Circle
+       URL: http://ram.ramlink.net/~icebbs
+       Inner Circle BBS Homepage Online. Info about Inner Circle, 4 sale
+       items, and more. Warning, Graphically intensive. If you just want
+sale add /4sale.html to the url
+     * The Digital-Talk HomePage (C64!)
+       URL: http://www.fb1.fhtw-berlin.de/people/s152551/guests/dt/
+       The Digital-Talk Magazine is the biggest C64 Disk Magazine in the
+       German Language! Download your own Free Version from this Site!
+     * Selcuk Ayguney's Page
+       URL: http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Heights/7074/emulc64.htm
+       Commodore 64 link site. Also other computer related resources.
+     * PADUA HomePage
+       URL: http://www.padua.org/
+     * PADUA FTP-Site
+       URL: ftp://ftp.padua.org/pub/c64/
+       The PADUA-FTP-Site
+     * CEBUG - Commodore East Brunswick Users Group
+       URL: http://www.castle.net/~cebug/
+       New Jersey based Commodore 64 & 128 User Group in existence since
+. The site has several sample newsletters, selected articles
+       from prior newsletters, Interactive Marketplace, links to other
+       Commodore related sites, and other information. Site designed to
+       look good on both Lynx (text browser) and graphical browsers. We
+       have several types of membership including Family (local),
+       Newsletter (out of town), and/or Disk of the Month (DOM).
+     * Commodore Club Danmark
+       URL: http://www.danbbs.dk/~c64cdk
+       Come an join CCDK's mailingliste and visit us on IRC. This web
+       also includes games, emulators and much more.
+     * Homepage of United GEOS Users Cologne (VGA), Germany
+       URL: http://home.t-online.de/home/Holger.Heimes/vgapagee.htm
+       Infos about the VGA Cologne Germany, History, Meetings, Members,
+       BulletinBoardSystems
+     * Antigrav Toolkit
+       URL: http://web.mit.edu/randy/www/antigrav/antigrav.html
+       This page includes articles written for GEOWORLD magazine,
+       information about GEOS and PostScript, KeyDOS ROM and CP/M. There
+       are also links to ftp sites which have the software listed in the
+       articles (this provider does not support ftp).
+     * Triangle Online!
+       URL: http://www.pip.dknet.dk/%7Epip781/triangle/
+       Journey back to the golden days of the C64 scene. Grab copies of
+       games and programs you thought were lost forever, see The Demo
+       that never was!, see what others had to say - and add your own
+       opinion, discover what the Triangle members are doing today, look
+       at photos and screenshots, study the extensive amount of
+       background material: group history, member profiles, interviews,
+       articles, and more... The most comprehensive online guide to a
+       single C64 group.
+     * JSP Customer Service Center
+       URL: http://www.netcom.com/~jspusa/
+       Complete hardware, software, ICs, parts and complete computer
+       units, new and refurbished. C64/128, AMIGA everything and much
+       more. Great site!
+     * Project 64
+       URL: http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/pcgeek/proj64.htm
+       Electronic Texts of many Commodore user's manuals and information
+       resources.
+     * Bjoern's Homepage
+       URL: http://home.t-online.de/home/dirk.lueders/
+       Some things about C64... StarTrek... and my life.
+     * COMMODORE 64 ZONE 0
+       URL: http://www.mygale.org/03/zone0/commodore64/c64.html
+       COMMODORE 64 ZONE 0 is a new site dedicated to the C64... comme
+       here and see, you will find what you want for sure...
+     * Nitros Developments
+       URL: http://home2.swipnet.se/~w-23231/Nitros/
+       Nitros are a demo group that has been around for the latest 2
+       years,we are 6 members,realeasing a magazine (Emphatic),4 issues
+       out so far,we have also made 2 bigger demos so far. We have
+       members in the following contries: Australia,Turkiye,Sweden,Norway
+     * Comp.binaries.cbm Home Page
+       URL: http://www.bayview.com/cbm-binaries/
+       Home Page for the comp.binaries.cbm moderated Usenet newsgroup.
+     * Commodore Service Manuals
+       URL: http://cws86.kyamk.fi/Computers/Commodore/
+       Service Manuals for Commodore equipment, including C64, C1540/1541
+       and C1571. Includes also some scanned articles from COMPUTE!'s
+       Gazette and Ahoy.
+     * Commodore 64 BASICs
+       URL: http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Pines/4935
+       Everyone one of us(just about) had a c64 computer. I always liked
+       to program silly games in BASIC. In fact, I still do. Come check
+       it out.
+     * History of Calculators
+       URL: http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/park/7227
+       Articles, timeline, photos, and stories relating to early
+       electronic calculators (1960-1980). Includes free calculator
+       related classified ad section.
+     * OS/A65
+       URL: http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/~fachat/8bit/osa/index.html
+       A new operating system for C64 and other (homebuilt) 6502
+       computers. A homebrew 6502 computer is also on this site. (The
+       CS/A 'Gecko' computer)
+     * The Feneric Home Page
+       URL: http://www.ccs.neu.edu/home/feneric/index.html
+     * The Living Daylights
+       URL: http://members.aol.com/tldcrew/
+       Hompage of an old just-for-fun-crew with some SID´s to
+       download/listen online!
+     * BBS's that Support C= Users
+       URL: http://videocam.net.au/~gaelyne/favbbs.html
+       An interactive list of BBS's that support Commodore users. Readers
+       are encouraged to add their favourite C= or other platform BBS.
+     * Linus VIC-20 Games Page
+       URL: http://members.xoom.com/vic20
+       View screen shots of and download lots of VIC-20 games. Read
+       interviews with modern VIC-20 personalities. Cartridge games, tape
+       games, constant updates. Now 158 games with screen shots and
+       descriptions!
+     * Timo Raita's C=homepage
+       URL: http://www.iki.fi/vic/cbm/
+       C=user from Finland. This site contains demos, music, photos
+       etc... Check out!
+     * Bacchus of FairLight's homepage
+       URL: http://www.fairlight.to
+       Bacchus/FairLight's page, best known for the list of c64 related
+       tools on PC(MS-DOS) and Amiga. To some extent also for Mac and
+       Unix/Linux.
+     * Crystal Software Homepage
+       URL: http://members.aol.com/commodor64/Cse/Crystal.htm
+       The Crstal Software UK site - New software available
+     * Computer Scene site
+       URL: http://members.aol.com/commodor64/C64Scene/Commodore.htm
+       The Computer Scene Homepage, information on 'Zine 64, Commodore
+       Tribune, PD, Software etc...
+     * CCS64 Home Page
+       URL: http://www.fatal-design.com/ccs64/
+       Official home page for the excellent CCS64 emulator (for PC/Unix).
+       Also mirrored in the UK.
+     * The Almighty C64
+       URL: http://www.cs.uiowa.edu/~femook/c64.html
+       A page with a wide variety of c64 related material from games to
+       emulators to music and links to other c64 pages.
+     * Commodore 264 Homepage
+       URL: http://www.crossconnect.u-net.com/264HOME.HTML
+       Commodore 264 series 8-bitter home pageC= 16, Plus/4, 116, 264,
+etc.Links to other 264 pages & New +4 Homepage. - Der
+       Regmeister! Also J-Net C64 - Amiga Network - No CMDhard drive
+       required - Use amiga!200 1541 blocks in 8 seconds! (1541=2mins)
+     * C64 Tolkien Games
+       URL: http://www.lysator.liu.se/tolkien-games/c64.html
+       Descriptions of all known games based on the fantasy world
+       invented by J.R.R. Tolkien, including Melbourne House's The Hobbit
+       among others
+     * Snowgum
+       URL: http://snowgum.agfor.unimelb.edu.au
+       Russell Alpheys personal site for 64NET, an interface used to make
+       your PC look like a C64 drive.
+     * 8 bits are enough
+       URL: http://hem.passagen.se/harlekin
+       This site contains information on my current projects, such as
+       PiffyDOS (a modded JiffyDOS), a brilliant game called "Linking
+       Leroy" and a REU-expansion with extra RAM and ROM! This site will
+       soon be the homepage of my HTML viewer...
+     * Bullwnkl's Arcade Classic C-64 Fan Page
+       URL: http://home.ptd.net/~faethor/c64class/c64class.htm
+       A commodore 64 fan page dedicated to all the arcade classic games
+       that appeared on the c-64.
+     * Plus 4 homepage
+       URL: http://www.scotch.demon.co.uk
+       Commodore Plus/4 homepage. Has the only PC emulator of the Plus/4.
+       Get THE latest version here and ONLY here.
+     * FUNET GEOS archives
+       URL: ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/cbm/geos
+       Various utility files for Geos archived in Finland
+     * Irv Cobb's Geos Files
+       URL: http://www.radiks.net/irv_cobb/geos/geos2.html
+       Assorted utility files and help information for Geos. Newly added
+       games and fonts, with more to come.
+     * The C64 Fanatics Web Page
+       URL: http://huizen.dds.nl/~skynetw
+       This is a real C64 dedicated web site made by the Sky Networks
+       crew. This site offers monthly updated C64 software like games and
+       utilities. The C64FWP contains fresh information as every month
+       updated news and special projects. You can find help on topics as
+       X1541 transferring and amaze your self with articles like how to
+       connect a joypad to a C64 and etc. Read interesting articles, find
+       interesting links and e-mail addresses and much more. Yep, It’s
+       the original Sky Networks, The C64 Fanatics Web Page.
+     * GEOS Files on the 'Net
+       URL: http://people.delphi.com/timphelps/ftp/gfiles.html
+       This site will let you directly download almost any file on the
+       Internet. The links of the files are categorized in seperate
+       fields (such as fonts). Updated more often than some other GEOS
+       programs lists.
+     * Commodore Connection
+       URL: http://207.100.227.73/MarketPlace/Commodore/index.htm
+       New Commodore Site. Support for Commodore, Message Bases, File
+       Downloads and much more
+     * Bear Technologies Computer Sales,Software,Services
+       URL: http://members.aol.com/beartec/beartec.html
+       We have been supporting Commodore since 1983 We do repairs on all
+       makes of Commodore Equipment carry Software & Hardware Plenty of
+       parts in stock
+     * GeoClub
+       URL: http://videocam.net.au/geoclub/
+       GEOClub UK/OZ home page. Information about the group and contact
+       information
+     * Browser Home Page
+       URL: http://videocam.net.au/browser/index.html
+       Browser is a C128 80 column disk directory browser. Displays CBM
+       and CMD directories including subdirectories and partitions. Run,
+       Scratch or Rename files, Read text files, View BASIC, ANSI and QWK
+       messages.dat files.
+     * Get Started Using the C64/128 on the Internet
+       URL: http://videocam.net.au/~gaelyne/getstarted.html
+       A friendly Q&A format WWW page explaining basics of cross platform
+       computing and accessing the Internet with a C= computer.
+     * The Internet for Commodore Users
+       URL: http://videocam.net.au/tifcu/index.html
+       The Internet for Commodore Users is a book by Gaelyne R. Gasson
+       and is the only C= Internet reference guide in this format. The
+       site allows online ordering.
+     * Type In Term Program
+       URL: http://videocam.net.au/~gaelyne/term.html
+       A short type-in term program that allows those without a Commodore
+       term program to transfer files from another computer. Suggested
+       use: to transfer a full scale terminal program such as Novaterm
+.5 or Desterm to the Commodore.
+     * VideoCamFTP site
+       URL: ftp://videocam.net.au/cbm
+       Gaelyne Gasson's main FTP site in Australia. Mainly
+       telecommunications and offline mail reading utilities.
+     * Gaelyne's Microwave
+       URL: http://videocam.net.au/~gaelyne/links.html
+       A sorted list of CBM and other links on the World Wide Web.
+     * IEEE488 site
+       URL: http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/~fachat/8bit/hardware/ieee488/index.html
+IEEE488 interface boards, with schematics are presented: one for
+       the C64 (original CBM), one for the VC1541 (orig. 64er magazin)
+       and one for the Atari ST (by me). Software is included.
+     * 80 Column Games for your C=128
+       URL: http://www.io.com/~gah/c128
+       A few games for the C=128 in 80-column mode. Dominoes, Landslide,
+       Name Flash, Stock Broker, Blackjack, High Rollers, and 1000 Miles
+       (Mille Bornes). These come with a bootable menu and full
+       documentation and compressed into a single 57k C= .arc file. I
+       will also include (eventually ;) other shareware programs written
+       by other authors for your c-128.
+     * Peter's Commodore page
+       URL: http://nafmo.home.ml.org/8bitar/
+       Peter's Commodore page with SYS PD/C64,C128 PD directory available
+       online.
+     * International Project 64
+       URL: http://ip64.home.ml.org/
+       International Project 64 is a sister project of Project 64, also
+       aimed at saving old Commodore manuals and documents for the
+       future. We handle the non-English stuff. Features a multilingual
+       user interface, currently in English, Swedish and German.
+     * The Fridge
+       URL: http://stratus.esam.nwu.edu/~judd/fridge/
+       The Fridge is a large collection of 6502 source code. There are
+       also programming tricks and tips, binaries, C utility programs,
+       other programming related links. Finally, it contains a complete
+       article index into both C=Hacking and disC=overy.
+     * Commodore Users of Edmonton
+       URL: http://www.freenet.edmonton.ab.ca/cue/
+       The on-line home of the Commodore Users of Edmonton User
+       Group.This club, active since August 1983, is for users of all
+       Commodore Computers (excluding the PC's).We have an extensive disk
+       and print library and lotsof knowledgeable, long time, users.
+     * Centsible Software
+       URL: http://home.sprynet.com/sprynet/cents/
+       We buy, sell and trade Commodore 64, 128 Amiga and IBM used and
+       new software. We have been in business for 15 years. Over 3000
+       titles in stock for Commodore computers.
+     * AEG Soft HomePage
+       URL: http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Heights/5275/
+       The AEG Soft site. AEG Soft have developed and cracked programs
+       for the immortal Commodore 64 since 1983!!
+     * CBM Projects of Ilker
+       URL: http://newton.physics.metu.edu.tr/~filker/cbm.html
+       This site contains some technical documentations about mine
+       software and hardware projects.You can find original and new lunix
+       applications here. I also have plans to write code for other OSs
+       (ace & os/a65).As for the hardware section, you can find
+       information about hooking AT-keyboard and mouse to the C64, as
+       well as various schematics for rs232 interfaces.
+     * Neefis C64-Web-Page
+       URL: http://eeiwzb.et.tu-dresden.de/le/neef/c64.htm
+       This is a german C64-Web-Site
+     * The Raven's Nest BBS
+       URL: http://home1.gte.net/nestbbs/homepage.htm
+       The Raven's Nest BBS, Is a Commodore 64 BBS using the softwae
+       C-NET DS2 v2.5 and running Comm-net, networking software Features:
+       Message Bases, Files For All Computer Platforms (Shareware) &
+       (Demos) ANSI Support for all of other computer platform friends,
+       using a CMD 170 meg HD 1084 monitor jiffyDOS 2 1581 drives & 1
+drive a 4 meg RAMlink and soon the SUPER64cpu
+     * Antimon homepage
+       URL: http://home.sn.no/~zaphod
+       Antimon homepage... Home of the lunetics in Antimon.. Antimon is a
+       over 10 years old demo group from Norway and Finland
+     * Azrael's sUpErDeFoRmEd Commodore 64/128 Page
+       URL: http://www.afn.org/~afn04314/c64.htm
+       Bunch of links plus a few pictures to look at and files to
+       download. Will be growing soon.
+     * Sandinge's Import & Data
+       URL: http://www.algonet.se/~sandinge/
+       The only place you need if your looking for products for the
+       C-64/128. Located in Sweden.
+     * FairLight - When Dreams Come True...
+       URL: http://www.fairlight.org
+       FairLight - When Dreams Come True... The legend's site on the
+       Internet with C64 and Amiga scene information and related
+       materials. All about one of the oldest groups still around...
+     * The Electric Mayhem - Laner's Commodore 64 Website
+       URL: http://ltd.simplenet.com/c64
+       Laner's Commodore 64 Page - Home of the C64 "Most Wanted List",
+       where you can add requests, and download the latest "hard-to-find"
+       games. Also, links to various emulators and game-related C64 sites
+     * Oasis Commodore
+       URL: http://oasis.home.pipeline.com/
+       A repository for Commodore information and documentation.
+     * GEOS Publication
+       URL: http://www.ocslink.com/~andrews/geospub.htm
+       This is the home page for GEOS Publication. A magazine published
+       monthly dedicated to Comodore GEOS. Free sample issue available.
+     * LONG LIVE THE COMMODORE 64!!!
+       URL: http://www.geocities.com/siliconvalley/vista/1852
+       Long Live The Commodore 64!! This is is pretty much complete, but
+       i am gonna add programing stuff and alot more very soon.
+     * The C64 Games Archive
+       URL: http://www.sci.fi/~pekkiz
+     * Explore the Past - Computer Pics from the 80's
+       URL: http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Vista/2717/index.html
+       A pictorial dedicated to computers of the 1980's. Mostly
+       Commodore-related but a few PC-related pics as well.
+     * The Ol' 64
+       URL: http://members.aol.com/QuoadHoc/commodore.html
+       A small site dedicated to the memory of the commodore 64. You can
+       vote for your favorite games.
+     * The PET Page
+       URL: http://www.goldrush.com/~foxnhare/PET.html
+       Description and pictures of the Commodore PETs and other
+       interesting information Relating to the PET and Commodore 8-bit
+       line.
+     * the Commodore P-500
+       URL: http://www.goldrush.com/~foxnhare/p500.html
+       Somewhere between the B-128 and the Commodore 64 there was the
+       P-500.
+     * the Silicon Realms BBS
+       URL: http://www.goldrush.com/~foxnhare/slrinfo.html
+       The Silicon Realms BBS supporting the Commodore 8-bit community
+       since 1987.
+     * PLUSH@web
+       URL: http://puppy.informatik.fh-schmalkalden.de/~truemper/
+       this is the official homepage of PLUSH. a little and lazy democrew
+       from germany. u can download all stuff from us, watch some
+       pictutes or simply have some fun.
+     * The European C=64 Emulation Game Archive (mirror)
+       URL: http://www.poli.studenti.to.it/ftp/pub/c64/games
+       A full archive of old c=64 games in emulator format.
+     * Carl Reilly's Commodore Page
+       URL: http://142.3.102.3/
+       A page for my hobby: Commodore 8-bit PC's (Mainly C128). My EPROM
+       Editing software is available online for the C128 ;) Best viewed
+       with IBrowse for the Amiga or Internet Explorer for the IBuM.
+       Contains Frames. 800 x 600 Display also recommended.
+     * Mirage C-64 Software
+       URL: http://www.webcom.com/jawknee/Mirage/C64/
+       This site contains a pair of utilities useful to owners of the
+       Ensoniq Mirage as well as a general MIDI display tool.
+     * Commodore Country
+       URL: http://www.fastlane.net/~ccountry
+       Hardware Sales / Software Sales Flat-Rate Repairs start at $35.00.
+/295-7658 landline / 817/447-6974 faxLarge Selection of both
+       NEW & USED w/ Warranty.6 Years of C64/C128 Service as advertised
+       in Commodore World.
+     * IDE64 Project
+       URL: http://sgi.felk.cvut.cz/~vorlicek/c64ide.html
+       Cartridge interface for connection IDE harddisk to Commodore 64
+       computer
+     * Network by Comic Pirates
+       URL: http://www.scene-central.com
+       The official Comic Pirates Online Mag for Acorn,Amiga,Atari,C64
+       and PC Sceners
+     * Antique Noises
+       URL: http://www.geocities.com/SunsetStrip/Palms/7271/index.html
+       Midi Conversions of classic Game Tunes. Enjoy fresh new Versions
+       of your old favourites...
+     * The Epyx / Summergames Homepage
+       URL: http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Park/3680/c64.html
+       What happened to Epyx, the creators of Summer Games? History.
+       Interview with Stephen H. Landrum, lead programmer. Glossary
+     * The Renegade Programming Group Homepage
+       URL: http://www.earthcom.net/~pegasus/rpg/
+       The home page of the Renegade Programming Group, a Commodore
+/128 demo production team. You can download demos, see screen
+       shots, hear Pegasus' music, link like crazy and more!
+     * Revenge/Omni Demo Distribution Site
+       URL: http://flash.lakeheadu.ca/~jgvotour
+       The homepage of Da Bonestripper/Omni/Ex-Revenge with downloadable
+       Revenge and Omni demos
+     * Bo's GEOS Web Page
+       URL: http://www.prismnet.com/~bo/geos/index.html
+       GEOS Page containing tons of pictures and application information.
+       Also has developer page and projects page.
+     * TomSoft Software Development
+       URL: http://home1.gte.net/tomp
+       This site is dedicated to programming. Focus is bent toward the
+       CBM line and kernal applications more specifically.
+     * Tweder's C-64 Super Site!!
+       URL: http://members.aol.com/tweder/c64.html
+       This is a very cool site that includes Commodore 64 emulators for
+       Macintosh & IBM/PC compatibles. Also has games andother stuff!!
+     * Martin Pugh's C64 Games Index page
+       URL:
+       http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Vista/3468/c64index.htm
+       Contains hypertext links to most of the games contained on Arnold
+       and 'The Digtal Dungeon' including the Rik and Blast archives!
+     * Stringfellowhawke 64 Archives
+       URL: http://home.clara.net/majic/
+       The Stringfellow Archive site, has links to the best 64
+       information and games on the internet. It also has downloadable
+       games and a special adventure section. Special music and demo
+       packs are sometimes uploaded and the site also has an Amiga links
+       page.
+     * C64 Picture Gallery
+       URL: http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Studios/6463/
+       Page contains some of the best c64 pictures released in
+       Collections, Demos, or in Party competitions.
+     * Commodore 64 - Den ultimata C64-sidan ;-) .
+       URL: http://hem1.passagen.se/matslev/
+       Välkommen till ännu en hyllningssida till C64. Skillnaden mellan
+       denna och andra liknande sidor är (hoppas jag) kvalitet och inte
+       kvantitet. Jag har här försökt lägga upp länkar jag själv har
+       nytta av. Allt från musik till emulatorer.
+     * Gaelyne's Home Suite Home
+       URL: http://videocam.net.au/~gaelyne/
+       Gaelyne's home page offering support for her book 'The Internet
+       for Commodore C64/128 Users'. New Users Survival Guide, Get
+       Started on the Net, and more.
+     * Rod Gasson's QWKRR128 Offline Mail Reader
+       URL: http://videocam.net.au/qwkrr/index.html
+       Offline Mail Reader for QWK format mail. Requires 80 column
+       monitor and access to QWK format mail (via BBS or using UQWK).
+       Shareware.
+     * Cheaters Heaven
+       URL: http://users.cybercity.dk/~ccc6453/
+       The Only Bulletin Board, You´ll ever need 4 ya C=64 if you live in
+       DK or dont mind long distance calls!
+     * M64 home page
+       URL: http://www.mdstud.chalmers.se/~md6cbm/AnyWare/M64/
+       M64 will turn your C64 into a synthesizer module. All you need is
+       a MIDI interface.
+     * C64 Game Guide
+       URL: http://www.ostrabo.uddevalla.se/tekniker/sh/c64/
+       A huge site where you can get info on the games you played on the
+       C64. It also contains screenshots, sid-tunes, info on programmers,
+       musicians, gfxartists and softwarehouses.
+     * Ultima VI page
+       URL: http://pcwww.uibk.ac.at/s06user/csaa2031/ultima6.ssi
+       This page should answer questions like how do I save, does Ultima
+       VI run with C64s, playing on a real C64, copyprotection, links to
+       other Ultima VI related sites, documentations, maps.
+     * Role homepage
+       URL: http://www.geocities.com/SunsetStrip/Towers/6715/rolepage.htm
+       The rolepage for all your info about role..latest news,
+       memberslist, history, rock & role online and a lot more!
+     * le Geek
+       URL: http://www.ijmc.com/ben/geek.html
+       le Geek is about people's favorite games and the emulator scene.
+       As the c64 is my favorite computer, it has its own section, with a
+       SID page, keyboard gfx page, game descriptions, emulator ratings,
+       links, and a game I wrote in BASIC available for download. What
+       are your favorite games?
+     * Operator Headgap Commodore Web BBS
+       URL: http://www.headgap.com/c=ring.spml
+       Operator Headgap BBS online 12 years, support for C64-128. Dialup,
+       Telnet or Browser. Homepage is http://www.headgap.com/c=ring.spml
+     * Classic Games & Commodore 64
+       URL: http://freespace.virgin.net/laurence.h/classic.htm
+games packs of 10 or so games on here as is the rather groovy
+       CCS 64 emulator.
+     * CHLB'S Home Page
+       URL: http://homepage.usr.com/c/camaron
+       Commodore Helpers of Long Beach (CHLB) user group is dedicated to
+       supporting C-128, C-64, VIC20, Plus/4, C-16, C-116 and 8-bit
+       Commodore emulation users. We are two user groups in one. The
+       first a reqular user group for members to attend. The second is
+       through the mail with publication and disk.
+     * Commodore 64 Art Gallery
+       URL: http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/8811/c64art.htm
+       Over a hundred pictures from many artists and games. Submissions
+       wanted. Part of "G.S.Reis' Multiverse".
+     * PowerHouse Productions
+       URL: http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Vista/7347/
+       The PowerHouse BBS on the Web
+     * ARRGH! - The Retro Computer and Video Games Home
+       URL: http://www.arrgh.demon.co.uk/
+       Information on classic computers, consoles and games.
+     * Entropy
+       URL: http://www.entropy64.demon.co.uk/
+       Official home page of the demo group Entropy. Light on graphics,
+       long on downloads. New d/ls as often as possible. X-asm for PC.
+       etc etc etc...
+     * Maurice Randall Talks GEOS
+       URL: http://people.delphi.com/arca93/
+       A site devoted primarily to Commodore GEOS and operated by Maurice
+       Randall. New tips and ideas each week for users and programmers.
+     * C-Net BBS Software Support Center
+       URL: http://www.ij.net/rmscomp/CNET/index.html
+       C-Net BBS Software Support Center Site.
+     * Legacy of the Ancients
+       URL: http://www.inetnow.net/~joellogan/legacyparent.html
+       Dedicated to preserving Legacy of the Ancients for the C64 and
+       Apple.
+     * VIC-20 Info page
+       URL: http://members.aol.com/wshrake/index.htm
+       Primarily a text archive of Vic-20 info, but with other things
+       being added. The site contains a "cartridge rarity and gameplay
+       list," reviews of 180 Vic20 programs on cartridge, a list of 455
+       tape programs, technical materials including archiving software,
+       and more.
+     * BugSoft Commodore Software
+       URL: http://www.bugsoftware.com
+       The official site of BugSoft, Creators of Centipede BBS for the
+       C128 and v128 BBS software. Some FREE programs available for
+       download also!
+     * Webnav C64 Site
+       URL: http://www.jsis.net/c64/
+       Deutsche C64 Homepage von Felix Winter! Hier gibt es Links zu
+       Spielen, Demos, Mags, Tools, Emulatoren, Homepages usw. Top!
+     * Ruuds Commodore Page
+       URL: http://www.worldaccess.nl/~rbaltiss/cbm.htm
+       Site dedicated to technical information on the older Commodores.
+       Including several hardware and software projects.
+     * Noesis Creation
+       URL: http://www.angelfire.com/id/noesis/
+       Noesis Creation: home of Archaic Computer, dieHard back issues,
+       and commodore & Atari support
+     * CD-64
+       URL: http://www.geocities.com/TimesSquare/Lair/4664/index.htm
+       CD-64 is the project to make the best CD of C64 games. Also the
+       site to get HD CATALOG for CMD Hard Drives, and discuss games.
+     * My C64 page
+       URL: http://www.beotel.yu/~milos
+       Site in Serbian about me & C64, some links, pokes (more to come in
+       future) and my story how I got C64. Moja prezentacija posvecena
+       C64 pokice, linkovi, i malo pricam pricu :)
+     * Homepage of the Amiga-Commodore User's Group #0447
+       URL: http://www.pacifier.com/~alberonn/acug.html
+       This is the Homepage of the Amig-Commodore User's Group (CBM#0447)
+       in Astoria, Oregon USA. We are a small group who do our best to
+       help out "new" users to the C64/128 and Amiga platforms.
+     * Zukkans Place
+       URL: http://home4.swipnet.se/~w-47749
+       Euzkera's crazy and different webpage. Will make a touch to the
+       scene different from the others.
+     * Depressed Node
+       URL: http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/depressednode/
+       Depressed Node is a BBS located in the Dallas, TX area. It has
+       Commodore 64 emulation programs and files and is run on powerbbs a
+       windows based system.
+     * Files on the Internet
+       URL: http://people.delphi.com/timphelps/ftp/files.html
+       Lists of the many files that are on the Internet.
+     * Commodore FTP Search
+       URL: http://www.pulse.no/~mepk/cfs.html
+       If you want to find a certain file on the FTP sites you often have
+       to search many subdirectories of many of these sites until you've
+       found it. Searching will be much faster with Commodore FTP Search.
+       CFS uses a database containing all filenames of these sites. After
+       entering a search string, CFS will search this database and the
+       matching filenames will be listed.
+     * COMP.SYS.CBM FTP Sites List
+       URL: http://people.delphi.com/timphelps/cmdr/ftpsites.html
+       HTML/hyperlinked version of the comp.sys.cbm ftp sites list.
+     * Commodore 65 REAL Information!
+       URL: http://www.takeabyte.com/outzider/c65/index.html
+       Want the real scoop on the Commodore 65? Technical Info? History?
+       ROMs? Pictures? Links? Welcome home!
+     * Commodore FAQ
+       URL: http://people.delphi.com/timphelps/faq/faqmain.html
+       An html/hypertext version of the Commodore faq that appears in the
+       newsgroup.
+     * Digital Excess homegrounds
+       URL: http://www.do.netsurf.de/~thomas.koncina
+       homepage of the german game developing group Digital Excess
+     * home of the hitmen
+       URL: http://www.goerres.de/~hitmen
+       hitmen internet hq featuring board graphics gallery, a huge sorted
+       and almost constantly maintained link page plus info on the group
+       and it's members itself
+     * hitnav64
+       URL: http://www.goerres.de/~hitmen/hitnav64.htm
+       probably the best maintained commodore 64 links index on the web
+     * Terminator's Commodore 64 Dungeon
+       URL: http://www.mergetel.com/~blitz/c64main.html
+       Commodore 64 still rules! Check out my DownloadZone and the
+       awesome pictures.
+     * Magic Carpet (TheCommodore Ride)
+       URL: http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Peaks/7893
+       Magic Carpet has tricks & tips for your 128/64, a growing list of
+       Commodore links. Commodore software and hardware for sale,
+       Software that I have written and/or modified to be faster or
+       easier to use.
+     * Commodore 64 BASIC games
+       URL: http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Pines/4935
+       Thanks to a new friend out here, my old stuff from the last 10
+       years will be here soon... Keep your eyes open...
+     * The Unofficial CP/M WEB SITE
+       URL: http://cdl.uta.edu/cpm/
+       This site is authorized by Caldera, Inc. to distribute vintage
+       software produced by Digital Research, Inc., INCLUDING THE
+       ORIGINAL SOURCE CODE. This site will be a clearinghouse for all
+       CP/M software. That's the good news. Now the bad news. What
+       original source you will find on this site is all there is! The
+       rest has been lost to the ages for one reason or another. This
+       site is user supported. That means that much of the software
+       posted here was donated by various individuals. The postings on
+       this site are not yet complete. It is the goal of this site to be
+       able to post every operating system, compiler, and utility that
+       Digital Research produced for the 8080, Z80, Z8000, and 68000
+       processors (assuming we can find it).
+     * Commodore 64 BASICs
+       URL: http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Pines/4935
+       I have created games for the commodore 64 in BASIC. Come see my
+       small library so far...
+     * The NullVoid Triangle
+       URL: http://leden.tref.nl/hogewim/
+       This site has, or will have: Games, Links to emulators and other
+       sites, Animated Gifs, Sids and tips and cheats.
+     * SIGNALS
+       URL: http://home.t-online.de/home/haegar-synergy/signals.htm
+       The Siganls is a DISK Mag for the C16/Plus4 in english language,
+       only some parts and letters are in german. You can find there the
+       latest Scene-News from all over the world, infos about Plus4 GEOS,
+       SUPERBASE and other programms, the newst Stuff, a lot of tips and
+       tricks for Basic and Assembler and a chart list for the best Demo,
+       Tool, Game, Coder, GFX-Man and Group.
+     * Obsolete Computer Museum (Plus/4)
+       URL: http://www.ncsc.dni.us/fun/user/tcc/cmuseum/plus4.htm
+       Failed Commodore experiment. Actually, a very nice 8-bit. 64K RAM.
+       Nice graphics ability. Pixels could be any of 128 colors (16
+       colors at 8 intensity levels). Four software programs included on
+       the ROMs. None of them were worth much. (The word processor could
+       only handle 99 lines of text.) This computer was sold as a
+       successor to the C64. There was another computer, the Commodore
+       C16, which was a successor to the VIC 20. I have also heard of one
+       called the C116, which apparently was a C16 with a membrane
+       keyboard, like a Sinclair.
+     * Commodore Corner
+       URL: http://pwp.starnetinc.com/b01141q/cmadr.htm
+       *
+     * University of Washington Commodore Users Group
+       URL: http://weber.u.washington.edu/~gibbsjj/uwccug.html
+       University of Washington Commodore Computer Users group, Seattle
+       WA
+     * The Bible and the Commodore 64
+       URL: http://members.tripod.com/~biblecom/index.html
+       Bible programs and Public Domain disks for the Commodore 64
+     * The Official C=64 Unfinished Program Archive
+       URL: http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/Lab/1767
+       Post your unfinished source, or download somebody else's for a
+       good reference or inspiration! We need submissions!
+     * PAUL J. STRELIOFF'S HOME PAGE
+       URL: http://www.winnipeg.freenet.mb.ca/~pstrelio/
+       Paul J. Strelioff's Personal Home Page is reached from Blue Sky
+       Community Networks (FREENET) WINNIPEG, MB CANADA . . . Linked with
+       CBM sites and Travel and :-) Humour!
+     * C64S Europe Information
+       URL: http://www.phs-edv.de/c64s
+       Information about C64S, mailing list, FAQ
+     * MJK's Commodore 64 & LCD Page
+       URL: http://mjk.c64.org/
+       This site is specialized on Commodore hardware, tuning & repairs,
+       and the Commodore Sceners' Address List (SAL)
+     * The World of CNET 128
+       URL: http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/cnet128/cnethome.htm
+       * Full CBM Color Graphics Capabitly. * System files are provided
+       but you may edit them and create others to customize the BBS they
+       way you and your users like. * Looks great in ASCII and ANSI modes
+       as well, supporting ALL Computer Types. * True 2400 Baud Speed. *
+       Punter, Xmodem, Xmodem CRC, and Y-Modem Batch transfer protocols.
+       * 1700 series RAM Expander , RamLink, & RamDrive capilitiy for
+       instantaneous program file loading.
+     * Flash Incorporated
+       URL: http://home5.swipnet.se/~w-55678/flashinc
+       The year is 1989 and the teenage demo culture is a few years old.
+       At the moment, a coder is a real man if he knows everything about
+       border timing, splits and DYSPs. A new talent is about to rise
+       from a small Swedish town called Falköping.
+     * The Beginner's Guide to C64 and VIC-20 Emulators
+       URL: http://members.xoom.com/vic20/faq/index.html
+       The Beginner's Guide to C64 and VIC-20 Emulators will help you
+       with your emulator problems. It includes general advice, tips and
+       tricks and information about files, file formats and other
+       important things. NOW v.1.1! Now also in an HTML version!
+     * Trantor's Almighty C64 Sight
+       URL: http://www.ccgnv.net/Trantor/c64.html
+       Welcome to the TRANTORnator's all mighty shrine to the greatest
+       computer ever made! (and get some cool games too!)
+     * Apocalypse C64 Homepage
+       URL: http://www.nwnet.co.uk/mberry
+       A new site full of C64 games, utilities and demos' for you to
+       download. Also, you can ask me to upload any C64 program that
+       you'd like!
+     * Papillon Wells Vintage Computer Zone
+       URL: http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Horizon/1503/
+       A vintage computer appreciation site for the Commodore Commodore
+D, 128, 64, 64C, SX64, VIC 20, 116, 16, Plus/4. Information,
+       files, articles, and a whole lot more in this sprawling web site.
+       This site has a little of everything with frequent updates.
+     * Icemans Commodore E-Store
+       URL: http://ram.ramlink.net/~icebbs/4sale.html
+       Easily accessable to non graphic browsers, Commodore Software and
+       hardware. If you don't see it, ask. All prices ARE negotiable. :)
+     * Return of Micro-Bytes
+       URL: http://www.enteract.com/~hijinx/mb.htm
+       Short one-pager on availability of Micro-Bytes magazine, and some
+       nostalgia is waxed by the former editor.
+     * Commodore 64, eine Legende lebt
+       URL: http://rphc1.physik.uni-regensburg.de/~meb15717/c64.html
+       Eine deutschsprachige WWW-Seite, die neben ein paar Links zu
+       anderen Commodore 64 - Seiten im WWW auch eine umfangreiche
+       Cheatsliste beinhaltet. Ausserdem ist auch eine Most-Wanted-Rubrik
+       fuer Spieletips dabei! Macht mit, Leute... :-)
+     * Anchors Away! HTML Tutorial
+       URL: http://videocam.net.au/~gaelyne/anchors.html
+       A How-to tutorial written by Gaelyne Gasson for Loadstar Letter
+       #41. Describes how to create web pages, from the perspective of a
+       C= user.
+     * FCUG
+       URL: http://videocam.net.au/fcug/index.html
+       Fresno C= Users Group
+     * TIFCU Mailing List
+       URL: http://videocam.net.au/tifcu/mail_list/index.html
+       TIFCU (The Internet for Commodore Users) Mailing List. Includes
+       archives of the mail list messages, and the current FTP Sites
+       List. The archives are searchable.
+     * Commodore Knowledge Base
+       URL: http://crosslink.ml.org/~spectre/ckb/
+       A document search engine allowing access to its library of
+       multiple articles on repairing peripherals, technical data, how-to
+       guides and more.
+     * C= or nothing @ all
+       URL: http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/ericwschult
+       this site is currently under construction.... i am moving to
+       Genie.... this site is not going to be updated until i get moved
+       in ;).... however the pages are being updated on my C= and should
+       be ready by that time :).... in time all gifs on my site are
+       coming from GEOS draw ;)
+     * Paxtron Corporation Home Page
+       URL: http://www.paxtron.com/
+       Paxtron repairs computers and sells replacement hardware.
+     * Mr. X's CBM page
+       URL: http://homepages.skylink.net./~mrx/cbm.html
+       Text-only page with demo-scene links and a list of hardware the
+       author owns.
+=========================================================================
+@(#)basic: Hacking BASICs
+           by R. T. Cunningham (wanderer_rtc@pipeline.com)
+@(A): Introducation
+In this article, I'd like to introduce you to some concepts.  "Common RAM"
+is what I like to call the RAM that is safe and usable by both the 64 and
+for either storage or short ML routines while BASIC is resident.
+"Common BASIC" is what I like to call the code that can operate equally
+well under either BASIC 2.0 or 7.0.  "Common ML" is what I like to call ML
+that can be used by both the 64 and 128 without having to be relocated in
+memory.
+As you may have guessed, I prefer writing programs that work with the 128
+in 64 mode, 128-40 column mode, and the 128-80 column mode.  Obviously, the
+code would work for a true 64 as well.  These modes are all available at
+power up.  Although GEOS and CP/M (and some others) are operating systems
+designed for the 64 and 128, they must be installed before they can be
+used.
+Before getting into some actual techniques, let's examine common RAM.
+@(A): Common RAM
+Remember, this is the the common RAM that *I* consider to be both safe and
+usable when BASIC is resident.  There is much more available when BASIC is
+switched out, but that's another story.  There are some that would argue
+that I missed a few locations or that some of these locations are not
+really safe to use.  I'll list them and you can be the judge.
+These are BASIC work areas that occupy different starting and ending
+locations, yet overlap in the locations listed:
+   $0024 - $0030 (36-42) - 7 bytes
+   $0050 - $0053 (80-83) - 4 bytes
+   $0059 - $0060 (89-96) - 8 bytes
+These are good for temporary storage from within an ML program.  I wouldn't
+recommend trying to use them from BASIC, the results are unpredictable.
+The rest of these locations are free and can be used from both BASIC and
+ML:
+   $00fb - $00fe (251-254)   - 4 bytes (zero page!)
+   $03fd - $03ff (1021-1023) - 3 bytes
+   $07e8 - $07f7 (2024-2039) - 16 bytes
+   $dbe8 - $dbff (56296-56319) - 24 bytes
+More or less can be available depending upon the use of sprites, fonts, or
+bitmaps.  For the purposes here, these are more than sufficient.
+@(A): Common BASIC
+The use of common BASIC eliminates multiple "if" statements (which increase
+the size of the BASIC program) and allows you to use the same code
+regardless of whether it's BASIC 2.0 or 7.0.
+Common BASIC isn't common until you determine whether you're running BASIC
+.0 or 7.0 (64 or 128 mode):
+   m=abs(peek(65533)=255)
+Memory location 65533 is the high byte of the hardware reset vector.  The
+contains a 255 there, the 64 does not; therefore, m=0 translates to a
+and m=1 translates to a 128.  For some applications, we can take the
+code a step further:
+   m=abs(peek(65533)=255)+abs(peek(215)=128)
+Location 215 contains the 40/80 flag for the 128.  When used like this,
+the 64 will always return a 0.  For the 128, a value of 0 would indicate
+columns and a value of 128 indicates 80 columns.  The total code would
+produce m=0 indicating a 64, m=1 indicating a 128 in 40 column mode, or
+m=2 indicating a 128 in 80 column mode.
+If you load in an ML program at the start of the BASIC, you can use some
+short code to perform the task.  To use it you would have to sys(ad) and
+then peek(location).  Here it is:
+           ldx #$0000 ;assume mode as 64
+           lda #$fffd ;check high byte of hardware reset vector at 65533
+           cmp #$00ff ;compare with 255
+           bne chkend ;branch to end of routine if not equal to 255
+           inx        ;increment x and assume mode as 128/40
+           lda #$00d7 ;check 40/80 flag
+           beq chkend ;branch to end of routine if not equal to 0
+           inx        ;increment x and assume mode as 128/80
+   chkend  stx  $03fd ;store mode number at 1021 (any free memory will do)
+           rts
+Although not necessary for this article, let's examine three different ways
+to ensure the device number is 8 or higher:
+   dv=peek(186):ifdv<8thendv=8
+How about doing it without an "if"?  Try this:
+   dv=peek(186):dv=abs((dv<8)*8+(dv>7)*dv)
+In ML:
+           lda  $00ba ;check the device number at 186
+           cmp #$0008 ;compare it to device number 8
+           bpl devend ;branch to end of routine if equal or greater than 8
+           lda #$0008 ;if not equal or greater then make it 8
+   devend  sta  $03fe ;as well as 1022 (or any free memory location)
+           rts
+Now that we know what mode we're in and have made sure the device number is
+a valid one, we can code the BASIC appropriately.  We can also calculate
+variables:
+   n=198+m*10
+In this example, I set n to equal the memory location that corresponds to
+the number of characters in the keyboard buffer, 198 on the 64 and 208 on
+the 128.
+@(A): Common ML
+This is where anyone but an experienced ML programmer will have problems.
+Unless you code without any "incode" references at all, the code is not
+transportable.  My thanks to Brett Tabke for explaining it to me.
+Before going any further, you have to realize that the "power up" start of
+BASIC starts at one location on the 64 and another on the 128.  To make it
+even harder, the pointers are at two different memory locations, decimal
+and 44 on the 64 and decimal 45 and 46 on the 128.  For the 64, the
+values contained are 1 and 8 corresponding to 2049 on the 128, the values
+contained are 1 and 28 corresponding to 7169.  The high bytes at 44/46 are
+also considered the page numbers.  We can calculate the start of BASIC and
+the page number:
+   s=43+m*2
+   ip=8+m*20
+Since I'm going to be siting my ML behind the BASIC program, and saving it
+with the BASIC, it's important that the final product will be loaded where
+it was intended.  I can code for this:
+   ifpeek(s)<>1orpeek(s+1)<>ipthenpokes,1:pokes+1,ip:load"*",dv
+We check the start of BASIC and if it's not correct, we correct it and then
+reload the program.  The "*" tells DOS to reload the file last accessed.
+This may seem like overkill, but too many programs designed to run on the
+and 128 both seem to assume that BASIC is where it should be for the
+program to run.  Of course, the routine probably won't work if you've been
+working with programs that are memory intensive, in which case a reset or
+power off/power on would be required anyway.
+At any rate, now that we know that BASIC will be where it should be, we
+need to code the starting address of the ML.  The only thing that has to
+be known at this point is that the BASIC for the 64 is exactly 5120 bytes
+lower than that for the 128 (at startup of course).
+=========================================================================
+@(#)forth: Scott Ballantyne: Blazin' Into FORTH - An Interview
+           by Jim Lawless (jimbo@sr.radiks.net)
+Copyright 1996 by Jim Lawless ( jimbo@radiks.net )
+@(A): Introduction
+In the early 70's, Charles Moore designed one of the most powerful
+computing languages known.  This language, Forth, was very different
+from the traditional procedural languages.
+Forth is a language which allows the programmer to change most any
+facet of the language they wish ( including syntax extensions ).
+Forth's rapid acceptance on 8-bit microcomputers stemmed from the
+fact that it took a relatively small amount of memory to properly
+implement the language.
+As the 1980's were reaching their final years, Scott Ballantyne
+released an implementation of Forth for the Commodore 64 known
+as Blazin' Forth ( herein referred to as BForth ).
+Many were surprised at how powerful BForth was.  The biggest surprise
+was that Scott gave BForth away for free.  While many commercial
+Forth implementations graced the market, Scott came out of nowhere
+and blew them away with a superior implementation of Forth.
+Scott was gracious enough to grant the following interview via
+e-mail.
+Q: What influenced you ( during a time when Pascal and C were making
+   big press ) to write a Forth compiler?
+A: I've always hated Pascal - the language is too restrictive to be
+   useful with all that strict typing, and the I/O primitives are a
+   disaster. I don't like languages that feel like a straight jacket,
+   I prefer spandex. I wanted a fast, interpreted language to fiddle
+   with the C64's metal, write communications programs and play with
+   the SID chip and do graphics programming, etc. I actually thought
+   about writing a C interpreter, C is fun and a great language but
+   with all the libraries you need to make it useful (stdio, IO
+   primitives etc.), I was afraid it would be too big to do anything
+   useful. The C64 disk drives were too slow to make compiling
+   reasonable and interpreters are more fun anyway, so it had to be an
+   interpreter.
+   At the same time I was thinking about writing an interpreter I was
+   trying to learn Forth. My background is mostly in Lisp, and that's
+   still my favorite language (Scheme, actually is my favorite). I
+   would have written a Lisp interpreter but I'd been there, done that
+   and I'd heard about Forth for years - robotics has always been an
+   interest of mine and Forth is used a lot for that, so I bought some
+   of the Forth programs that were available for the C64. What a rip
+   off those were! They just *crawled*, not to mention that they were
+   riddled with bugs - really horrible bugs like incorrect
+   multiplication and division routines. They also didn't have some of
+   the really clever Forth features like does>, and absolutely no
+   programmer friendly tools like a trace or watchpoint. Not to
+   mention no code to study, no extension to study, they were really
+   poor. I kept buying these cartridges hoping to find one that was
+   usable and they kept making me madder and madder, so I finally
+   decided if I wanted to learn Forth, I would have to write my own.
+Q: I assume from your references to Henry Laxen and Forth Dimensions
+   that you had prior experience with Forth?
+A: Not really - as you see above. I ordered all the back issues of
+   Forth dimensions that I could, since I wanted to do things right
+   and that seemed to be the way to understand things. I got a lot of
+   documents about Forth-79, Forth-83 and etc. Halfway through the
+   writing of the Blazin' Forth, I heard about Laxen's compiler, got a
+   copy of it and I learned a lot from it. The way the block buffers
+   are implemented, in particular, are modeled on the way Laxen did
+   things. That's a very clean, very nice piece of work. I admired
+   that compiler a lot. But Blazin' Forth is a lot different. I admire
+   clean code and beautiful designs, but you always have to remember
+   the old saw: "If you make it fast and ugly, people will hate you.
+   If you make it beautiful but slow, nobody will use it." So there's
+   a tradeoff one often has to make, especially on a small machine
+   like the 64. Not to say that BForth is ugly, you understand, you
+   just wouldn't take it home to momma.
+Q: In building BForth, you had put together a complete Forth-83
+   implementation with snazzy extensions. What led you to make the
+   package free-for-use rather than trying to make a commercial go of
+   it?
+A: I thought about marketing it. I probably could have made quite a
+   bit from it, but I was still simmering from all the money I'd spent
+   on those awful implementations in the cartridges. Remember that
+   part of my motivation here was revenge. Also, around that time
+   Stallman had just announced the GNU project. Having been at MIT and
+   immersed in what later came to be called the hacker culture gave me
+   a desire to encourage that sort of thing in general, and
+   specifically on the 64. Why not? So I took the GNU manifesto and
+   wrote this gigantic legal document based on the manifesto and gave
+   the whole mess away for free. Besides, it's a lot more fun creating
+   something than it is selling it, and I wasn't sure I wanted to
+   spend years supporting any one piece of software, which I would
+   have felt duty bound to do if I sold the thing. There were other
+   projects I wanted to go on to. There were a lot of reasons, some
+   idealistic and some just plain selfish.
+Q: In the documentation accompanying BForth, a reference is made to a
+   version for the Commodore 128 supporting a number of features
+   including multitasking. Did this project ever see the light of day?
+A: Actually, the 64 version was multitasking originally. There wasn't
+   enough room to support that and the rest of the stuff (like the
+   sound and graphics words) so I took it out. I think it was a
+   mistake to axe the U area like I did, though. If I hadn't done
+   that, some people could have written a tasker on top of what I gave
+   them. Not a gigantic mistake, but it would have been better if I
+   left it in. Remember that the traditional Forth multitasking is
+   cooperative. Not sure I agree with that...
+   I bought a 128, actually I just sold it a couple of years ago.
+   Right around the time I was getting around to writing a Forth for
+   it the Amiga came out and just blew me away. I never got back to
+   the 128. The Amiga was great - what a shame that it was so poorly
+   marketed. I worked on the ARP project and a lot of that code made
+   it into the Amiga operating system, which was gratifying. Also,
+   Commodore did pay us for that work, although it started out as
+   another free project. I worked on that with a guy named Charly
+   Heath. We never met - I could sit across the table from Cheath
+   (that's what I called him) and never know it, all the work was done
+   over the net. We were in daily contact and Cheath was a *great*
+   programmer, also a very nice guy. It was interesting, but getting
+   close to Commodore at that particular time was not the best thing.
+   To tell you the truth it made me ill, there was a lot of ugly
+   politics and bad decision making at the time, so I lost interest in
+   doing stuff for people on the Amiga. I still have an Amiga though.
+   I wrote an interesting operating system for it based on Lisp. It's
+   like an Amiga Lisp machine, it acts a lot like the original Lisp
+   machine, if you ever saw it. I have a good chunk of a Smalltalk
+   programming system written on it too - graphics interface and
+   everything. Really cool. Every now and then I pull it out and
+   fiddle with it. I never released any of this code and then the
+   company collapsed and there went my motivation to polish it up. I
+   don't mind rough edges, but when I release something I want it to
+   be as close to perfect as possible.
+Q: There are a lot of Amigoids out there watching what VisCorp will do
+   now that they own the rights to the Amiga. Is there a chance that
+   your Lisp and Smalltalk will see the light of day for this die-hard
+   group of Amiga fanatics?
+A: I suppose it's possible. I only have a 2000 - it has a 68020 card
+   with 2 megs of memory, but I sort of feel like with the 3000-4000
+   people wouldn't be that interested in code that was developed on
+   the 2000, also the new graphics modes that are available on the
+   later machines I don't have. Maybe I'm wrong. Doing this interview
+   has got me interested in it again, I worked on the small talk stuff
+   this weekend, as a matter of fact. Who knows?
+Q: What tools did you use to develop BForth? ( A metacompiler or pure
+   assembler? )
+A: I wrote my own assembler and linker. The assembler looked a lot
+   like Lisp, the linker was very primitive really, just ran through
+   and resolved references, it couldn't really move stuff around like
+   a real linker can. It did make a cross reference though.. The
+   assembler was actually rather nice. Some people wanted it, but I
+   never got around to polishing it up and documenting it to release
+   it.
+   I have never been taken with the Forth metacompilers, but perhaps I
+   don't understand them enough.
+Q: What sort of feedback did you receive from the general public
+   pertaining to your compiler?
+A: Well, it was great. I was amazed. I thought maybe 10 people in the
+   world would be interested in a Forth compiler. I had a Compuserve
+   account back then and it was first uploaded to the C64 forum there,
+   along with the source for the higher level words and all the
+   documentation. It was quite a lot. It took forver for the sysops to
+   make it public - nobody said anything but I think they were
+   checking around to make sure I hadn't ripped it off. I guess it was
+   a pretty unheard of thing to do, just give away a major piece of
+   software like that. Anyway, once it was released the response was
+   fantastic - it ripped across the country and I got tons of mail.
+   I've never received so much mail from people. The most satisfying
+   mail was from Forth programmers who said things like "I took my
+   Forth cartridge out in the yard and drove a knife through it".
+   Revenge. It's so sweet...
+   And people sent me presents - some guys in California figured out
+   how to make a self booting cartridge out of it and sent me a
+   Blazin' Forth self bootable cartridge. That was really nice. There
+   were even some commercial products based on it - you could do a
+   save-Forth and lock people out of the Forth system, so it just
+   looked like an application. There was a communications program, and
+   some kind of cad system. I have no idea how well they did, but the
+   programmers sent me complimentary copies.
+   Some kid at CMU wrote a VAX Forth compiler based on BForth for a
+   dissertation and sent me a tape and a printout. I kept it here for
+   a long time, but I don't own a VAX and eventually got rid of it. I
+   got BForth tshirts and of course millions and millions of
+   questions.
+   I got some hate mail too.
+Q: What sort of hate-mail?
+A: The sort you always get. I got some from libertarians who I had
+   offended by giving it away, I got some from people who hated Forth
+   and thought I should have written something else, I got some from
+   people who had downloaded it and couldn't make it work. I'd try to
+   help them, but sometimes it just didn't work for them. In many
+   cases I had no idea why, they couldn't tell me, just `it didn't
+   work'. I never got any mail from people who had written Forth's for
+   commercial use - I was surprised at that.
+Q: I've seen nearly constant battles on net conferences between the
+   Forth camp and the Pascal/Modula camp. Did you encounter any
+   "language bigots" in the early days of BForth?
+A: Oh sure, you always do. Frankly I think all these language wars are
+   misguided. I hate Pascal, but I don't have a problem if you use it.
+   Why should I? I've never understood that. There are languages which
+   are too brain dead to be taken seriously, but I still don't have a
+   problem if people want to use them. I think it must be either not
+   enough to do, or some kind of insecurity.
+Q: What positive feedback did you receive about BForth?
+A: People wrote tons of really useful software in it and I got copies
+   of all of it.
+   The nice thing too was that there were so few bug reports.
+   Actually, there was only one bug ever reported from Blazin' Forth,
+   and I found that myself and uploaded a patch. To tell the truth,
+   there is one other bug in that program, I discovered it years
+   later. It's actually a bug in the assembler - there was a garbage
+   line that should have triggered an error but didn't, it assembled
+   garbage. But the nature of the bug is such that it actually is only
+   triggered extremely rarely. No one has ever reported it. Hehe!
+   And this is an interesting point: I learned a lot from writing that
+   thing and one of the things I learned was the value of programmers
+   being involved in every aspect, from design to coding to writing
+   the manuals to testing. Writing the manuals not only uncovered a
+   lot of bugs as I was thinking up examples, it also suggested
+   various improvements. But the biggest applause has to go to my
+   girlfriend - we are still together, incidentally. She's the
+   greatest. She's a musician and was curious about all this computer
+   stuff, and remember that I wanted people to be able to learn Forth
+   from scratch - the documentation, everything was designed to make
+   it possible and easy to learn Forth from Brodies book, which was
+   the most common text.
+   So I gave her the Forth compiler, the documentation and the Brodie
+   book, and she taught herself Forth. She found tons of bugs, but
+   when she was done, she had learned Forth, I had a debugged system
+   and I was pretty pleased, all in all. I'm sure this is one of the
+   reason that people liked it so much - I got a lot of mail from
+   people who said "I've tried so many times to learn this language,
+   and now I have."
+   There was lots more stuff - I got pictures of people holding up
+   signs that said "We Love Blazin Forth!". It was very gratifying.
+   Much nicer than money. People were very appreciative and tried to
+   show it.
+Q: Would you recommend Forth as a first computer language?
+A: I think any modern computer language is a good one. Forth would be
+   good. A lot of teaching beginners has to do with language
+   independent features such as feedback and debuggers and stuff. It's
+   not very rewarding for most first timers to do !'s and @'s or write
+   'hello world' programs. Big deal. That's one reason I put the
+   turtle graphics into BForth - you can see loops and larger
+   structures, it makes sense and it's rewarding, so I'm a big
+   supporter of that sort of thing for beginning programming. I still
+   remain partial to the Lisp class of languages, so if I were
+   teaching I would probably use those for a beginner, but the same
+   comments apply to those.
+Q: If you could do anything differently in the development and
+   distribution of BForth, what would you do?
+A: Oh, I made some mistakes. I should have preserved the U area, like
+   I said before. Today I would probably not implement the Forth block
+   system, I'd use files instead. I never liked that, to tell the
+   truth. It made a certain sense with the 64 disk drives, and the
+   code I wrote is optimized for the rotational speed of those things,
+   but I think it leads to better programming to just store your code
+   in a file with a name. I would have added more hooks, I think I
+   would have added a 'junk' dictionary for things like defining words
+   or the assembler and editor that you could make 'go away' once you
+   were done. That would have saved a lot of memory, I think.
+   You always think about stuff like this for all your projects.
+   Software is never really finished and I could go on forever about
+   just about every program I've ever written. Even about little
+   things. For example, I *really* regret not special casing
+   horizontal and vertical lines in the graphics line drawing
+   function. A little thing, but it was a mistake and it urks me. I
+   thought about it at the time, but the compiler was getting so big,
+   but I still think it was a mistake. Just last week, I was working
+   on some medical imaging system software and I was writing a line
+   drawing function, and I special cased the horizontal and vertical
+   lines, and guess what I thought: "Shoot - I wish I'd done that with
+   that Forth compiler..."
+Q: What sort of work are you doing nowadays?
+A: Whatever interests me. I have my own company "ScotSoft Research"
+   and I do pretty interesting work for which I charge. A lot of Unix
+   work, custom applications, kernel enhancements, etc. I have donated
+   a lot of code to the GNU project and still admire what they do, and
+   I still love to write software. For my own pleasure and improvement
+   I still have lots of projects. At some point I'll finish my
+   Smalltalk system for Unix computers. In a lot of ways the Amiga
+   version is better - there's a lot to be said for taking over the
+   machine.  Maybe I'm a control freak, but there's a real rush in
+   writing something 'from the metal up'. You can't do that with a
+   Unix box and expect people to use it.
+   Still, I like Unix a lot. The computers I've bought for my company
+   are all Suns. IBMPCs and MACs make me puke. The Amiga, as good as
+   it was, would have been a better machine if it had paid more
+   attention to Unix...
+Q: Is Forth still something that you use on a regular basis?
+A: Nope. Haven't used Forth in years, except for the odd command at a
+   the Sun monitor prompt. That's more a reflection on the environment
+   I work in these days than Forth. It's a shame that the Forth
+   community has let itself become so insular - you would have Forth
+   compilers on Unix machines if there had been standardized support
+   for libraries and a file system. Another weakness of forth is the
+   lack of 'struct' - of course that can be implemented, but it needs
+   to be part of the language definition to be truly useful.
+   I still think Forth is great - I look at those micromint projects
+   sometimes and think it would be fun to do some of that stuff in
+   Forth...
+Q: Was the C64 the first home computer you owned?
+A: Sure was. The low cost + 64k memory and extra features made it an
+   inevitable addition to my household :-)
+Q: Describe your introduction to programming ( were you a comp-sci
+   student? )
+A: No - they didn't really have comp-sci so to speak back then. I was
+   in math and physics and got interested in using the computers for
+   practical, number crunching work. We were supposed to use punch
+   cards and take them to the IBM mainframe to be run by the priests,
+   but I heard about the AI lab and started fooling around over there.
+   Back then the lab was very informal, there were a lot of people who
+   weren't even associated with MIT in any official way there, high
+   school kids young university students (some younger than the high
+   school kids), it was pretty open. Anyway, I got interested in
+   hacking on the PDP series, and that started taking up most of my
+   time. You learned back then by reading other peoples code, asking
+   questions and reading manuals and of course experimentation. My
+   math professors were not very approving of my interest in
+   computers, telling me it would ruin my mathematical career and
+   probably also lead to warts and blindness if I kept this up. Once
+   you wrote some programs that were useful they put you on the
+   payroll, so I made a little money, couple of bucks an hour or so.
+Q: In the March 1987 issue of Transactor, you published an article on
+   Blazin' Forth. I noted that you retain the copyright to the
+   article. Any chance that we could reprint it in C=Hacking?
+A: Sure. That was originally just in the C64 forum on CIS, might still
+   be there - that's how the Transactor guys heard about it.
+Q: I found it odd that in the very same issue of Transactor, they ran
+   an article that processing speeds of various languages for a given
+   programming problem but did not include BForth as one of the
+   languages. Did you ever type in the benchmark code to see how
+   BForth stacked up to HES Forth, SuperForth, and C64 Forth? ( Not to
+   mention the C/Pascal/BASIC compilers that were faster than any of
+   the tested Forth implementations ).
+A: I did. What's more interesting to me than the fact that BForth
+   outperformed those compilers is that a properly implement sieve in
+   Forth outperformed that scrungy algorithm in 6502 assembler that
+   somebody implemented. A lot of programming well is selecting
+   algorithms and designing the program well, these language debates
+   (higher level vs. assembler, Forth vs. C, etc. etc.) tend to
+   obscure this fact, which is actually a much more interesting topic.
+   At least it is to me. Which is not to say that learning different
+   languages isn't good, because it is. Inevitably styles and ideas
+   are imbedded into programming languages just as they are into human
+   languages and some things are easier to say in 'C' or 'Forth' and
+   some things aren't. Also, languages like Lisp or scheme can allow
+   you the freedom to explore interesting methods of programming, such
+   as message passing or delayed evaluation models which would be
+   cumbersome in Forth. Once you have these concepts under your belt,
+   you can use them in any language or dialect. But I think a lot of
+   people are 'coders' and know languages, but there are very few
+   'hackers' or 'programmers' who are in love with clever ways to
+   solve problems or squeeze more cycles out of a box. That's more
+   work, but it's also a lot more fun and rewarding.
+Q: There are scores of enthusiasts who are either discovering the
+   magic of the 64/128 by picking them up inexpensively, or they are
+   using one of the emulators available for various PC/Mac/Amiga
+   platforms. What words of wisdom pertaining to BForth would you
+   import on these enthusiasts?
+A: Wisdom. That sounds so boring. Have fun, experiment, don't be
+   afraid to crash the machine or do goofy things. Don't assume I did
+   everything right either, I didn't. When you think you know enough,
+   pick a big project that interests you and start writing it. Mostly,
+   have fun. I don't know if that's the key to life, but it sure is
+   the key to writing good software.
+Thanks for the interview Scott!
+How about it?  Have I made any of you curious about Forth?  Should we
+start a BForth tutorial here in the pages of C=Hacking?
+If you'd like to see more BForth coverage ( including the article
+from Transactor mentioned in the text above ) please let me know.
+Write me ( Jim Lawless ) at: jimbo@radiks.net
+You may obtain Blazin' Forth from my Web page at:
+   http://www.radiks.net/jimbo/blazinforth.arc
+=========================================================================
+@(#)trivia: Commodore Trivia
+            by Jim Brain (brain@mail.jbrain.com)
+@(A): Introduction
+As some may know, these questions are part of a contest held each month on
+the Internet, in which the winner receives a donated prize.  I encourage
+those who can receive the newest editions of trivia to enter the contest.
+This article contains the questions and answers for trivia editions #33-41.
+If you wish, you can subscribe to the trivia mailing list and receive the
+newest editions of the trivia via Internet email.  To add your name to the
+list, please mail a message:
+To: listserv@mail.jbrain.com
+Subject: LISTSERV
+Body:
+subscribe trivia-dist Firstname Lastname
+help
+quit
+In addition, the Commodore Trivia is housed at:
+http://www.jbrain.com/trivia/         (HTML)
+http://www.jbrain.com/pub/cbm/trivia/ (TEXT)
+ftp://ftp.jbrain.com/pub/cbm/trivia/
+@(A): Trivia Questions and Answers
+          The C128 Set:
+Q $200) How many general purpose central processing units does a C128
+        contain?
+A $200) The "3 computers in one" machine only contains 2 CPUs.  The
+        Z80 handles CP/M mode, while the 8502 handles both 64 and 128
+        mode.  The "3" in the C128 motto threw a bunch of folks.
+Q $201) The Commodore 128 contains a MMU IC.  What does MMU stand for?
+A $201) MMU = Memory Management Unit.  Technically, the 64 contains one
+        as well, but it was always referred to as the PAL or PLA in the
+.  The 128 MMU does more than the 64 version, though.
+Q $202) What Commodore produced cartridge is specifically mentioned in
+        the 128 PRG as being incompatible with the 128?
+A $202) The Commodore 64 CP/M 2.2 cartridge.
+Q $203) The C128 introduces the concepts of "banks"  How many such banks
+        are recognized by the C128 BASIC?
+A $203) 16. Bank 0 through Bank 15.
+Q $204) What version is the BASIC included in the C128 in native mode?
+A $204) BASIC 7.0.
+Q $205) Can any of the BASIC graphics commands be used on the 80 column
+        screen?
+A $205) It depends on how you define "graphics commands".  When writing the
+        question, I was thinking of commands like BOX and CIRCLE that are
+        written solely for use with the 40 column screen.  However, commands
+        like SCRNCLR, CHAR, and COLOR commands are considered part of the
+        graphics set.  Graphics commands that draw pixels on the bitmapped
+        screen will NOT work on the 80 column screen, but those that merely
+        set attributes or put characters at certain locations will work.
+        However, don't let this fool you into thinking the 80 column screen
+        can't support graphics.  It can.
+Q $206) How many high-level graphics commands are available on the C128
+        in C128 mode?
+A $206) 14 high level graphics commands are included on the 128.
+Q $207) In C128 mode, at what location does screen memory start?
+A $207) It resides in the same location as on the 64: 1024-2023
+        ($0400 - $07e7).
+Q $208) The 80 column IC in the 128 can display how many full character
+        sets of 256 characters each at one time?
+A $208) 2.  While the VIC-IIe can only display 1, the VDC IC can handle
+        display opf both sets simultaneously.  That means a person can
+        print upper/lowercase and graphics/uppercase characters on the
+        same screen.
+Q $209) Many have scorned the C128's 80 column video IC.  What about this
+        IC makes it so hard to use?
+A $209) The VIC-IIe 40 column IC maps its configuration registers and
+        screen memory into the C64/C128 memory map.  The 8563 VDC IC
+        does neither.  All of its registers, screen memory, and color
+        memory are hidden behind two registers.  These two registers
+        control access to the entire IC.  In effect, these two registers
+        are the "portal" to the VDC memory map.  To modify or read a
+        VDC internal register, the programmer must place the register
+        number in one lcoation and wait for the result to appear in the
+        other register.
+Q $20A) What number is the 80 column IC referenced by?
+A $20A) 8563
+Q $20B) What machine language addressing modes cannot be used with the
+column chip?
+A $20B) The manual warns against using "indirect" addressing opcodes by
+        claiming their use could generate "false" bus states that confuse
+        the IC.  In reality, howevr, only the indirect mode of the STA
+        opcode will cause any harm.  To understand why, one must note that
+        the STA ($00),y instruction executes a read of memory before doing
+        its write.
+Q $20C) The C128 contains keyboard keys not present on the C64.  What IC
+        is used to read these keys? (besides the CIA, as on the 64)
+A $20C) There are two answers. Aside from the ROM, the CPU, and the above
+        mentioned CIA, the VIC-IIe IC provides the extra 3 lines used to
+        scan the keyboard.  The C128 MMU IC provides the capability of
+        reading the status of the 40/80 key. (Thanks for Marko Makela
+        for this info)
+Q $20D) Following the introduction of the C128, a new version of was
+        developed.  Name it.
+A $20D) It is alternately called CP/M Plus or CP/M 3.0
+Q $20E) Many people refer to C128s as 16k or 64k units.  To what does this
+        refer?
+A $20E) In question $209, we noted that the 8563 80 column IC in the C128
+        has an internal memory map.  As such, the 8563 can have varying
+        amounts of RAM attached to it.  Earlier C128 contained 16kB of
+        this "VDC" RAM, while later variations and some third party
+        products increased this to 64 kB VDC RAM.
+Q $20F) According to the C128 literature, the C128 can be expanded to use
+        how much memory?
+A $20F) 640 kB.
+        The C128 Developer Set
+Q $210) The C128 Memory Management Unit is located at $d500 in memory.
+        At what other address does a copy of the MMU registers appear?
+A $210) $ff00-$ff04 contains a partial mirror of the MMU registers.
+Q $211) How many MMU registers are are identical in the two memory ranges?
+A $211) 1. The Configuration Register at $d500 and $ff00
+Q $212) If you are writing a C128 machine langyage program and would like
+        to issue a jsr to another bank of memory, what KERNAL call would
+        you use?
+A $212) JSRFAR ($ff6e).
+Q $213) How do you pass the parameters to the KERNAL call in auestion $212?
+A $213) You store the parameters in $0002-$0008 and issue the call.
+Q $214) When the C128 was developed, Commodore created a very useful buffer
+        printing routine in the KERNAL.  What is its common name?
+A $214) PRIMM (Print Immediate, at $ff7d).
+Q $215) For the routine in question $214, how do you pass the string that
+        you wish to print to the routine?
+A $215) You store the buffer, terminated with a null character immediately
+        following the call.
+Q $216) When the C128 boots, the Z80 gains control first.  It begins
+        accessing memory starting at what location?
+A $216) $0000
+Q $217) How much ROM in the C128 is supplied to hold the Z80 power up
+        boot code?
+A $217) 4096 bytes.
+Q $218) How many configuration presets can the C128 MMU handle?
+A $218) 4.
+Q $219) How small of a common RAM area can be defined in the C128 MMU?
+A $219) Although the answer "none" is technically correct, I was looking
+        for the less obvious non-zero amount, which is 1 kB of RAM.
+Q $21A) How large of a common RAM area can be defined in the C128 MMU?
+A $21A) 16 kB of RAM.
+Q $21B) How many times does a disk drive get accessed BEFORE the C128
+        finishes booting?
+A $21B) twice.  (Once to attempt a CP/M boot, and once to attempt a
+        C128 boot).
+Q $21C) What key would you hold down on the C128 during bootup to
+        immediately enter 64 mode?
+A $21C) The Commodore Key.
+Q $21D) Name the first 4 keys on the top row of the C128 keyboard?
+A $21D) Escape, Tab, Alt, and Caps Lock.
+Q $21E) On what side of the C128 case is the RESET button located?
+A $21E) The right side.
+Q $21F) What is different about the C128 power supply connector compared to
+        the 64 DIN power supply connector?
+A $21F) The connector is square in appearance, although the voltages are
+        identical to the ones provided for the C64.
+Q $220) What 3 bytes must reside on track 1, sector 0 of a disk in order
+        to autoboot that disk on a C128?
+A $220) The abovious "CBM" bytes must be present.
+Q $221) Let's suppose you pick up a printer at a flea market and it says
+        CBM on the decal.  However, it lacks the familiar logo and further
+        investigation reveals it isn't a Commodore printer.  The printer
+        was made in 1984.  What company sold the printer?
+A $221) Citizen Business Machines (Citizen).  I had a lady inquire about
+        a printer so marked.
+Q $222) Which company came out with the first parallel printer interface
+        for the VIC-20 in the US?
+A $222) CardCo, Incorporated.
+Q $223) If you boot up a 1540 disk drive and read the error channel,
+        what model number is indicated in the power-up string?
+A $223) V170.  Possibly, this is the code number for the drive.  Dunno,
+Q $224) Who produced the very first Commodore diskette drive?
+A $224) As close as I can tell from research, a company called "Convenience
+        Living" brought out the first Commodore disk drive, beating
+        Commodore's 2040 by many months.  The system was a dual drive 100 kB
+        per unit single sided drive.  The company changed their name or
+        sold the unit to "CompuThink" upon introduction.
+Q $225) What company wrote the initial BASIC for the Commodore computer
+        line?
+A $225) Your archenemy and mine, Microsoft.  When the PET series was
+        introduced, Microsoft's Gates and Paul Allen made big bucks licensing
+        BASIC for small computers.  Microsoft BASIC was small and ran on
+        minimal hardware, making it an ideal language to bundle with early
+        machines.  Commodore modified the BASIC after 1.0 and Microsoft
+        was not involved past the initial porting effort.  As an aside, it's
+        rumored that Gates and Allen might have lifted the source for BASIC
+        from the University computers where they attended, but who knows :-)
+Q $226) What was the last modem Commodore produced for the 8-bit line?
+A $226) The 1670.
+Q $227) Which came first, the 2040 or the 2031?
+A $227) The 2040.  In business, it's generally considered bad practice to
+        deliver a smaller numbered model after a larger numbered one,
+        especially if the units perform the same function.  Commodore didn't
+        use such logic :-)
+Q $228) Which came first, the 4040 or the 8050?
+A $228) Again, Commodore rebelled and delivered the 8050 long before the
+showed up on the scene.  This time, the reason was more logical.
+        The drives served two different markets and were keyed with the prefix
+        number of the machines they were marketed with.  The 4040 sold with the
+XX series, while the 8050 came with the 80XX systems.
+Q $229) Where were VIC computers introduced first: US or Japan?
+A $229) Japan.  Commodore introduced the PET in the US first, but found the
+        US market "fickle", so they introduced the VIC overseas first, since
+        that market was easier to penetrate.
+Q $22A) Which Commodore 64 model came out after the C64c and sported
+        an "off-white" case?
+A $22A) The C64gs (Graphics Station).  I am uncertain, but believe this to
+        be a non-US machine only.
+Q $22B) Commodore produced two "Pong" type video games.  Name one model.
+A $22B) CBM 2000K and 3000H models.  Both were simple machines with unknown
+        processors.
+Q $22C) What significance does the name "Gortek" have with respect to
+        the VIC-20?
+A $22C) "Gortek and the MicroChips" were characters introduced to help people
+        learn how to use the VIC-20.
+Q $22D) What person actually developed CP/M for the C128?
+A $22D) Von Ertwine
+Q $22E) The 8563 VDC IC in the C128 was originally designed for another
+        Commodore computer.  Which one?
+A $22E) The Z8000 machine, another machine that never saw the light of day.
+Q $22F) Name the single bit in the status register of the 6502 that can
+        be set externally.
+A $22F) The Overflow (V) flag can be set via pin 38 of the 6502, the SO
+        pin (Set Overflow).
+Q $230) What control character would one send to a Commodore printer
+        to start double-wide character printing?
+A $230) On the 1525 (and successors, like MPS 801, MPS 803, etc), chr$(14)
+        was used.  A few IEEE printers also contained chr$(1), which printed
+        'enhanced' double wide characters.
+Q $231) What control character would one send to a Commodore 1525 printer
+        to inititiate graphics mode?
+A $231) chr$(8)
+Q $232) What control character would one send to a Commodore printer to
+ 	end double-wide character printing?
+A $232) On the 1525 (and successors, like the MPS 801 and 803), chr$(15) was
+        used.  On the IEEE printers and the 1526/MPS 802 (a 4023 IEEE printer
+        with serial bus connection, chr$(129) was used instead.
+Q $233) How many registers does the VIC-I (6560/61) IC possess?
+A $233) According to Commodore, the 6560/1 IC contains 16 addressable control
+        registers, which is the number we were looking for.  How many registers
+        are actually used internally is anyone's guess.  We also accepted 26
+        as the answer, since there are 26 differint configuration fields
+        within the 16 bytes of memory mapped I/O.
+Q $234) How many registers does the Plus/4 TED IC have?
+A $234) Multiple answers exist for this question as well.  The TED contains
+        addressing to support 64 I/O registers, but only 34 are used.
+Q $235) We all know the 1541 stores its directory on track 18.  Where does
+        the IEEE 8050/8250 stores its directory?
+A $235) Track 39.
+Q $236) If a program opens a channel to tape, reads some data, and a check
+        of ST AND 32 is true, what error does that indicate?
+A $236) checksum error.
+Q $237) Depending on how many memory was added to a VIC-20, BASIC could
+        start in one of three locations.  Name them.
+A $237) 1024, 4096, or 4608.
+Q $238) Commodore's first floppy drives used what brand of mechanisms?
+A $238) Shugart.
+Q $239) If one sees a directory listing that starts with:
+        "MY DISK OF STUFF,MY,2C"   What CBM drives could have wrote this
+        disk?
+A $239) 8050 or 8250 or derivatives: 8250LP and SFD 1001.
+Q $23A) Name a color available on the VIC-20 that is NOT available on the 64?
+A $23A) Any of the following qualify:
+        o Light Orange
+        o Light Cyan
+        o Light Purple
+        o Light Yellow
+        By the way, none of these colors can be used for text.
+Q $23B) Name two CBM computer series that used a real 6551 UART to do
+        serial communications.
+A $23B) The Plus/4, the B128, The 700 Series.  I suspect the 600 and 500
+        Series as well.
+Q $23C) On the Commodore SX-64, is drive 0 above or below the built-in
+        storage bin?
+A $23C) It is below the storage bin.  For those who created a DX-64 (2
+        drives, the standard placement is to instal Drive 1 above drive 0.
+Q $23D) Without looking, which key is located to the direct right of the
+        semicolon ';' key on the C64?
+A $23D) With exception to the Swedish 64, The equals '=' sign. On Swedish
+        models, the return key sits next to the ';' key.  On Swedish
+	keyboards, the key placement of the rightmost 4 columns is altered.
+Q $23E) What does drive error number 72 mean?
+A $23E) Disk Full or Directory Full
+Q $23F) What was the model number of the first serial drive Commodore
+        developed?
+A $23F) Technically, the 1010 was the first unit, but I have no reports
+        it ever made it past prototype stage.  And I doubt it was serial.
+        The 2040 would qualify, but it was parallel (IEEE 488).  Therefore,
+        the VIC 1540 is the first CBM drive to fit the criteria.
+Q $240) What POKE is used to disable RUN/STOP RESTORE and also scrambles
+        LIST attempts on the C64?
+A $240) POKE 808,234.  POKE 808,237 restores everything.
+Q $241) What happens if you run a program in BASIC 2.0 and it
+        executes a CONT statement?
+A $241) The program gets caught in an endless loop.
+Q $242) What happens if you run a program in BASIC 7.0 and it
+        executes a CONT statement?
+A $242) UNlike in BASIC 2.0, the statement is skipped.
+Q $243) What diference exists between generating a "beep" (Ctrl-G) on the
+        C128 after RESET and after RUN/STOP RESTORE?
+A $243) The volume is set to a different level on a warm start than on a cold
+        start.
+Q $244) In Commodore BASIC, is anything needed after the THEN of an IF/THEN
+        statement?
+A $244) No.  The command following the THEN is optional.
+Q $245) In Question $0B3, we noticed that the 64's BASIC 2.0 placed two
+        spaces between the error text and the word "ERROR" in error strings.
+        On what machine was this problem fixed and only one space appears?
+A $245) The C128.  The C128D and C65 also fixed the problem.
+Q $246) What disk drive was introduced to be used with the Commodore 64?
+A $246) The Commodore 1541.  However, intially, it was called the VIC1541.
+        Commodore was confusing.
+Q $247) What upgrade to original PETs caused some machines to dISPLAY tEXT
+        lIKE tHIS iNSTEAD oF dISPLAYING cORRECTLY?
+A $247) When early PETs were upgraded to BASIC 2.0, the character set ROM
+        had to be replaced.  The problem was that some PET boards had 28 pin
+        ROM sockets, while others had 24 pin.  The new character ROM only
+        came in one size, so the models with the wrong number of pins on their
+        board had to go without.  Commodore had decided to flip the location
+        of uppercase and lowercase characters in the ROM.
+Q $248) Newer Commodore 1541 drives have a multicolored "rainbow" pattern
+        on the front decal.  Name the colors in order from top to bottom
+        that make up the "rainbow".
+A $248) Red, Dark Yellow, Light Yellow, Green, Blue.
+Q $249) Commodore disk drives have flip flopped on drive LED color meanings
+        over the years.  When the serial drives first appeared, green meant
+        power and red meant access/error.  With what drive did they swap
+        the meanings?
+A $249) The 1571 swapped meanings.  Later, the 1541-II and 1581 also used
+        red for power and greeen for access, but the 1541C continued the
+        alternate usage.
+Q $24A) Most late-model CBM VIC-20 sport a DIN style power supply connector.
+        However, early VIC units utilize a different connector.  How many
+        pins did this early connector have?
+A $24A) 2 (two).  American typically refer to the connector as a "electric
+        Shaver" or "electric toaster" connector.
+Q $24B) Although Commodore produced mainly 80 column printers, it did
+        introduce some "wide carriage" models.  How many columns did these
+        printers have?
+A $24B) 132 columns.
+Q $24C) What is the "nickname" for the Commodore logo?
+A $24C) Depending on who you ask, either "Chicken Feet", "Chicken Head", or
+        "Chicken Lips".  I like the second one best.
+Q $24D) When the Commodore 128 was introduced, a new Graphical User
+        Interface was introduced to be used with it.  Name it.  (hint: not
+        GEOS).
+A $24D) Jane.
+Q $24E) A stock C128 powers up showing how many bytes free?
+A $24E) 122365 bytes free.
+Q $24F) Of those, how many can actually be used to store BASIC code?
+A $24F) Bank 0 locations $1c00 to $fbff (57344 bytes).
+Q $250) For years, Commodore owners have purchased Commodore printers with
+        model numbers like MPS801, MPS802, MPS802, and MPS1000.  What does
+        'MPS' stand for?
+A $250) Matrix Printer Serial.
+Q $251) For the introduction of the 264 Series (Plus/4), Commodore produced
+        a letter quality printer called the DPS1101.  What does 'DPS' stand
+        for?
+A $251) Daisy Print Serial
+Q $252) What does CBM DOS error number 75 mean and which drive(s) does it
+        appear in?
+A $252) I was looking for "Format Error".  This error occurs on the 1581.
+        However, Todd Elliott mentions this also appears on the 8250 as
+	"Format Speed Error".
+Q $253) What does CBM DOS error number 76 mean and which drive(s) does it
+        appear in?
+A $253) Controller Error.  It appears first on the 1581.  It implied that
+        the MFM controller was not functioning correctly.
+Q $254) How many characters per inch does a VIC 1515 printer print when in
+        normal mode?
+A $254) 10 cpi.
+Q $255) How large (in bytes) is the internal VIC 1525 printer buffer?
+A $255) 90 bytes.
+Q $256) How many revolutions per minute does a 1541 disk drive disk
+        rotate at?
+A $256) 300 rpm
+Q $257) On Commodore disk drives, where is track 1 located: outside, middle,
+        or inside of disk?
+A $257) Outside.
+Q $258) Which Commodore 8-bit machine(s) came stock with stereo SID sound?
+A $258) The Commodore 64DX (65)
+Q $259) On the 64 and 128, which joystick port is closest to the power
+        connector: 1 or 2?
+A $259) Joystick Port 2
+Q $25A) The Commodore 1520 plotter can print in how many colors?
+A $25A) 4 colors.  Default colors are red, green, blue, and black.
+Q $25B) The 8050 disk drive creates how many tracks on a floppy disk?
+A $25B) 77
+Q $25C) What dot matrix printer matches the color scheme of the CBM Plus/4?
+A $25C) The MPS 803.
+Q $25D) How many "mirrors" of the VIC-II IC registers appear in the 64 memory map?
+A $25D) 16.  The VIC-II only contains enough addressing for 64 bytes, so
+        the registers repeat every 64 bytes.
+Q $25E) Which location in C64 memory contains the 6510 Data Direction Register?
+A $25E) Location 0.
+Q $25F) What is the significance of $fffe-$ffff in 65XX CPUs?
+A $25F) Whenever an IRQ happens, the CPU fetches the location of the routine
+        that will handle the IRQ from these addresses.
+Q $260) In BASIC 2.0, what happens if you try to CONT a program after a
+        program has executed a STOP command?
+A $260) The program is continued from the statement following the STOP
+        command.
+Q $261) What is Drive Error 75 mean?
+A $261) Alert readers will note this is the same question as $252.  The error
+A $252) Alert readers will note this question is a duplicate of $252.  My
+        memory if failing.  I was looking for "Format Error".  However,
+	Todd Elliott mentions this also appears on the 8250 as
+	"Format Speed Error".
+Q $262) What does the Super Expander 64 command RDOT do?
+A $262) RDOT(M) returns information for next pixel to be plotted using mode M.
+        M=0    return X coordinate.
+        M=1    return Y coordinate.
+        M=2    return Color Source.
+Q $263) Quick, what does the 6502 opcode PHP do?
+A $263) Pushes the processor status onto the stack.
+Q $264) When using the SBC opcode to perform subtraction without a borrow,
+        should the carry flag be set or clear?
+A $264) It should be set, since the carry flag is treated as "-Borrow"
+        (not borrow) when doing subtraction.
+Q $265) Name the all-important zero-page subroutine on the VIC and 64 that
+        appears at location $73.
+A $265) CHRGET.  This routine fetches the BASIC next character.  This routine
+        is usually patched to allow new BASIC commands.
+Q $266) How many I/O locations does the SID IC in the 64 actually use?
+A $266) 29 bytes.
+Q $267) How many I/O locations does the SID IC in the 64 actually show up in?
+A $267) 1024 bytes.
+Q $268) How many blocks free does a newly formatted D9090 drive report?
+A $268) 29162 blocks free.  The drive contained a total of 29376 sectors,
+        implying that the initial BAM and directory reserved 214 sectors.
+Q $269) Name the number of sectors per track on a D9060.
+A $269) 32 sectors per track.
+Q $26A) Name the only Commodore disk drive that used neither a serial bus
+        nor IEEE-488 bus hookup?
+A $26A) I goofed on this question.  Tghere are three answers:
+           The Amiga external drives.
+	   The 1551 (connected via cartridge to PLus/4 or C16)
+	   The External Drive for the C65 (connected via nonstandard serial
+	   bus)
+Q $26B) The Block Availability Map for the 8050 and 8250 drives starts on
+        what track?
+A $26B) Track 38.
+Q $26C) On an 80 column PET, where does screen memory start?
+A $26C) $8000. If you consider the B series to be PETs, then $d000 is also a
+        correct answer.
+Q $26D) What CHR code can one use to scroll up on the 8032?
+A $26D) chr$(25)
+Q $26E) On the VIC-20, 0000 to 0002 were used to hold the jmp xxxx for the
+        USR function.  The 6510 in the C64 took over 0000 and 0001.  Where
+        did Commodore relocate the USR jump vector to on the 64?
+A $26E) 784-786.  The relocation causes an unused byte of zero page RAM at
+        $0002.
+Q $26F) The KERNAL jump table on the VIC and 64 differ by how many bytes in
+        length?
+A $26F) They are the exact same length on both machines.
+Q $270) Many people lamented the demise of QuantumLink, known alternately
+	as Q-Link or the 'Q'.  When did QLink oficially close?
+A $270) November 1, 1994
+Q $271) Name the vaporware Virtual Reality area that was to become a part of
+	QLink, but was never finished/released in its original form.
+A $271) Habitat, a role playing game designed by LucasArts (part of the
+        computing talent of George Lucus of Star Wars fame).
+Q $272) The QLink area mentioned in Q $271 was eventually scaled back and
+	introduced on QLink as what area?
+A $272) Club Caribe, basically a chat system.
+Q $273) The Commodore Punter Protocol was devised by Mr. Punter.  What is his
+	first name?
+A $273) Steve.  Incidentally, the Punter protocol lives on in the IBM world,
+        where Steve has a Punter BBS with echoes (like FIDO).
+Q $274) What kind of product is the Skyles Flash! unit? (hint: most folks don't
+	need one.)
+A $274) Serial to IEEE-488 converter.  It's used to attach IEEE-488 peripherals
+        (used on the PET line of computers) to a CBM serial port.
+Q $275) On early revisions of the 6502, the SO pin on the IC was labeled CPS.
+        What does CPS stand for?
+A $275) Chuck Peddle Special....  Named after 6502 designer Chuck Peddle.
+Q $276) What Commodore system was referred to as the 'Z' Machine?
+A $276) The C900 Prototype UNIX System.  Commodore never successfully marketed
+        the machine, which included a Zilog Z8000 CPU (hence the name)
+Q $277) (True or False).  Commodore 64 compatibility was designed into the
+	C128 from the beginning.
+A $277) True.  Lead Designer Bil Herd, fed up after working on the ill fated
+        Plus/4, spouted off to senior management about the lack of
+        compatibility killing the project.  His comments were heeded, and he
+        took on the C128 with the mandate that it be compatible with the
+.
+Q $278) The 8563 VDC found in the C128 was originally designed for what CBM
+	machine?
+A $278) The C900 machine mentioned in $276.
+Q $279) What was the "Theme Song" of the C128 developers?
+A $279) The live version of "Solsbury Hill" by Peter Gabriel.
+Q $27A) Who developed the C128 version of CP/M?
+A $27A) Von Ertwine.
+Q $27B) How many Paddles can one connect to a Commodore 8-bit machine?
+A $27B) Technically, 4 paddles can be connected, although only 2 can be read
+        at any instant in time.
+Q $27C) Does the B128 have joystick ports?
+A $27C) No.
+Q $27D) Commodore file type 2 is PRG, and type 3 is USR.  What is Commodore
+	file type 0?
+A $27D) DEL or Deleted.  Very rarely used.
+Q $27E) What is Commodore file type 1?
+A $27E) The very useful SEQ file type.
+Q $27F) The original VIC-20 systems had how many pins on the video port?
+A $27F) 5 pins.  After the 64 was introduced, newer version had 8 pins, the
+        same as on the 64.
+Q $280) The C128 has a real Caps Lock Key, but it failed to present an
+        uppercase character for what letter on the 128 keyboard?
+A $280) The Q key.  This problem only exists on first revision US 128 ROM
+        units.  As such, you can easily determine if you need a ROM upgrade
+	by trying the Q key on your 128.
+Q $281) What one feature made the CBM 1660 modem immensely popular with the
+        phone phreaking crowd?
+A $281) Ability to utilize the SID IC to generate touch tones and other tones
+        through the phone.  This allowed the 64 to behave as a virtual "blue
+	box" or "red box" and send the magic 2600 Hz tone that patched one
+	into the phone system.
+Q $282) What does Timothy Leary, "the father of LSD" and Commodore have
+        in common?
+A $282) Leary was a C64 user and wrote articles for a small C= magazine based
+        in Oregon.  However, I accept one technically true resoponse from
+	Roger Toupin Jr., who said, "Both are dead".
+Q $283) At what speed do the platters in CBM D series hard drives revolve at?
+A $283) 3600 RPM  Compare to floppies at 300 RPM.
+Q $284) In question $189, we noted that COMPUTE. Changed its punctuation to
+        COMPUTE! shortly after introdcution.  However, many years later, they
+        changed back to their former punctuation.  When did this occur?
+A $284) When Compute! Publicationswas purchased by the publisher of OMNI
+        magazine, they changed the name back to COMPUTE. (note period.
+Q $285) Tough one.  Finish the following Commodore advertising slogan:
+        "Advanced Technology Through Vertical ___________"
+A $285) Integration
+Q $286) In what "mode" can the Commodore 64 VIC-II IC access external memory?
+A $286) The UltiMax mode.  This is the only mode where the VIC-II can perform
+        this feat, and is the same mode used on the ill-fated Ultimax machine.
+Q $287) What Primary CPU was used in the CBM 500/600/700 series?
+A $287) The MOS 6509.  Basically, the 6509 was a 6502 with memory locations
+and 0001 used as 34bank34 registers.  Address 0000 was the
+	execution bank, while 0001 was the indirection bank..
+Q $288) How much RAM can be accessed on a 500/600/700 machine?
+A $288) The 500/600/700 series, as well as the B128/B256 series, can be
+        expanded to 256kB internally, 704 kB externally, for a total of 960kB
+	of RAM.
+Q $289) When using the KERNAL call PLOT, is the upper left corner of the
+        screen 0,0 or 1,1 ?
+A $289) 0,0 identifies the upper left corner of the screen.
+Q $28A) What does PRG stand for?
+A $28A) Well, the CBM DOS uses it as a acronym for PRoGram File, and Commodore
+        calls it's technical references Programmer's Reference Guides.
+Q $28B) when displaying information on the screen, what PETSCII character is
+        used to turn the character color to RED?
+A $28B) COde 28 ($1C) will switch the character color to red.
+Q $28C) If you poke the 64 screen memory with 0, what character fills the
+        screen?  (Hint: it is NOT space)
+A $28C) The '@' character, screen code 0.  The space is screen code 32.
+Q $28D) When a BASIC or ML program initializes DEVICE 2 (RS-232) for usage,
+        how much memory is stolen from the top of BASIC memory for
+        buffers?
+A $28D) 512 bytes.  256 bytes each for an input and output buffer.  That is
+        why you must open the RS-232 port before defining variables.  The
+	buffers are taken from TOB (Top of BASIC), which resets are variables.
+Q $28E) On what 64 computer model does [SHIFT] [RUN-STOP] load a program from
+        disk?
+A $28E) The SX-64 is designed to boot from disk by default, and some suggested
+        the C64GS, although I can;t verify the latter.
+Q $28F) What happens if you issue NEW in a program, like:
+PRINT "HI"
+NEW
+GOTO 90
+A $28F) As expected, the program prints the HI message, then erases the
+        current program from memory.
+=========================================================================
+@(#)bits: Twiddling the Bits: The DataPump Plus
+          by Frank Kontros (jeno@kontr.uzhgorod.ua)
+                      "DataPump" the 6551 ACIA Card
+                   (C)opyright Perry M. Grodzinski, 1991
+           "DataPump Plus" contra "SwiftLink, DataBlast, CommPort"
+                       upgrade by Frank Kontros 1996
+Note: You are free to give away these documents but not to sell.
+SwiftLink, DataBlast & CommPort are respective trademarks of their copyright
+owners.
+@(A)intro: Introduction
+In the original "DATAPUMP" card, many have found it difficult to find the
+AA4890 DC-DC converter IC necessary to build the cicuit.  In addition, new
+RS-232 drivers contain a built in DC-DC converter and do not require
+additional voltage sources except 5VDC. (e.g. MAX 230, 232, 235, 237).
+This  chip  needs fewer external componets than the AA4890 specified in the
+original schematic.  I decided to use the cheap MAX 232. It usually only
+costs US$1.50 - US$2.00.   There are also many other chips, such as the
+Analog Devices AD232 and the ICL232.  which provide the same functionality as
+the MAX232.  The MAX232 IC contains 2 RS232 drivers/receivers.  Note that the
+MAX232A is not the same IC; it performs the same function, but requires
+additional external capacitors.  I have revised the DataPump schematic to
+reflect the MAX232 usage.  See the "Hacking the Code Section for the Schematic
+in GIF format (Reference: code, SubRef: dpschematic).
+In addition to revising the circuit to use readily available components, two
+additional jumpers were installed:  J1 for $DE00/$DF00 (IO1/IO2) ACIA
+address selection, and J2 for IRQ/NMI selection (for use with fast IRQ
+interrupt handlers, e.g. OS/A65.
+Resitors R2-R4 pull up the outputs to logic high when no modem is connected.  This helps alleviate program hangups due to simlp0sitic modem initialation code.
+If you intend to use this circuit on a C128 or C128D in 2MHz mode, substitue
+an 8551 or 6551A ACIA for the 6551.
+If you would like to utilize a clock generator instead of the 3.6864 MHz quartz crystal oscillator, connect the generator OUT to XTAL1 (6) leave XTAL2 (7)
+floating, and connect power to the generator as follows:
+                         _________________________
+                         |                        \
+                         |  N.C.              GND  |
+                         |  O                  O   |
+                         |                         |
+                         |                         |
+                         |  O                  O   |
+                         |  +5V               OUT  |
+                          \_______________________/
+@(A): Integrated Circuit Pinouts:
+                R6551 PINOUT                        MAX232 PINOUT
+             +---------------+                        +-------+
+       GND --| 1          28 |-- R-/W          +cap1 -|1 \/ 16|- Vcc
+       CS0 --| 2          27 |-- o2            +cap3 -|2    15|- GND
+      /CS1 --| 3          26 |-- /IRQ          -cap1 -|3    14|- T1out
+      /RES --| 4          25 |-- DB7           +cap2 -|4    13|- R1in
+       RxC --| 5          24 |-- DB6           -cap2 -|5    12|- R1out
+     XTAL1 --| 6          23 |-- DB5           -cap4 -|6    11|- T1in
+     XTAL2 --| 7          22 |-- DB4           T2out -|7    10|- T2in
+      /RTS --| 8          21 |-- DB3            R2in -|8     9|- R2out
+      /CTS --| 9          20 |-- DB2                  +-------+
+       TxD --| 10         19 |-- DB1
+      /DTR --| 11         18 |-- DB0
+       RxD --| 12         17 |-- /DSR
+       RS0 --| 13         16 |-- /DCD
+       RS1 --| 14         15 |-- Vcc
+             +---------------+
+@(A)note: Conclusion and Notes
+The "DataPump Plus" fully supports applications written for the Swiftlink, the DataBlast, and the CommPort ACIA cartridges. In addition, the new jumper
+additions offer mre control over operation, and provide better Swiftlink
+compatibility.
+Good Luck!
+=========================================================================
+@(#)error: ? DS, DS$: rem The Error Channel
+@(e)trivia: Commodore Trivia
+In The Commodore Trivia Article in Issue #14, the answer to question $1EB was
+completely wrong.  The correct question and answer appear below:
+Q $1EB) What difference between the VIC-I and VIC-II causes VIC-II equipped
+        systems to potentially operate slightly slower than VIC-I equipped
+	systems, all other items held constant?
+A $1EB) The dot clock on the VIC-I is only 4 times the processor clock.
+        That is, the VIC-I can fetch 2 bytes for each 1 byte data (8 pixels)
+        it displays, without stopping the processor.  But the VIC-II has
+        narrower pixels, because the dot clock is 8 times processor clock,
+        and as a result, it only can read 1 byte for each byte (8 pixels) it
+        displays.  This is sufficient for fetching the character images,
+	but the processor must be stopped to fetch the character codes (and
+        colours).  (Thanks to Marko Makela for this explanation)
+=========================================================================
+@(#)vic: Technical Information on the VIC-20
+         by Ward Shrake
+@(A): Introduction
+This document is a collection of pinout diagrams and technical notes, meant
+to assist anyone who wishes to experiment electronically with the "obsolete"
+Commodore Vic20 computer. Specifically, this document addresses the cartridge
+or Memory Expansion port and related items, such as ROM & EPROM memory chips.
+What kinds of things can you do with a Vic20? Well, how much imagination do
+you have? The hardware isn't as limited as most of us probably remember it
+being, so the question becomes largely one of what you want to do with it,
+what your level of skills and knowledge may be, and so on. Here are some
+examples of things you can do ... but by no means the only things possible!
+  - A reset button can be wired into the Vic20 fairly simply. This might
+    be a good idea, if one plans to experiment much. The Vic20, or any
+    computer, might lock up when you've told it to do something odd while
+    experimenting. Simply use a momentary-contact, normally-open switch,
+    wired between the RESET line and any port GND line. When you press
+    the new button for a second and let go, the computer will reset. This
+    is because the RESET line is active low, and your switch grounds that
+    line. If you decide to do this *inside* your Vic20, remember you are
+    now looking at the *back* of the port, NOT the front. Therefore, use
+    the pinout diagram for a cartridge, not the port, to find the lines.
+    Radio Shack switch part number 275-1547 or equivalent will work fine.
+  - Make your own EPROM-based plug-in cartridges, in standard memory sizes.
+    The "stock" Vic20 supports up to 32k of memory, in banks of 8k each. The
+    first banks (#1, 2, 3) are contiguous memory, and can be RAM or ROM at
+    your choice. The next bank is actually a ROM operating system chip, so
+    that's the end of contiguous memory. However, the bank after that (#5)
+    is another usable bank. It can be RAM or ROM; it is usually ROM, but can
+    be RAM with one restriction; BASIC can't "see" it as easily usable. (See
+    the pinout below, for more information on memory banking on the Vic20.)
+  - Archive existing ROM or EPROM cartridges to disk or tape, to allow them
+    to be run from within a RAM expander. Most commercial cartridges were
+k in memory size, with a small amount having been 4k or 16k of memory.
+  - Modify an existing RAM expander, to move one 8k bank of RAM into the
+    upper memory area, in "block 5". ($A000 hex, for all you ML junkies.)
+    This is not anywhere near as hard as it sounds ... and if you want to
+    play archived game cartridges as "images" in RAM, it is necessary. To
+    do it, just (A) open your RAM expander's plastic casing, (B) see if you
+    have a bank of DIP switches already installed, and (C) if you do, just
+    flip the left-most switch "on", while turning the other 3 all "off".
+    (Note that this assumes you are using an 8K expander; if you are using a
+K expander you need to be aware that there are two side-by-side groups
+    of four switches each; the left half controls the upper 8k, and right one
+    controls the lower 8k bank.)
+  - If you want to do the RAM expander modification mentioned above, but you
+    find you do not have DIP switches already installed, you can do one of
+    two things. (A) you can install new switches yourself, or (B) you can do
+    an easier and more permanent modification, by putting a blob of solder
+    across the two left-most half-circles on the PC board, and making sure
+    there are no other half-circles in that 8k bank which are joined in the
+    middle by a straight line or another blob of solder. If you've ever seen
+    disk drive device number modifications, its the same basic thing here.
+    (But if all this sounds too complicated, let someone do the mod for you.)
+  - If you find you now have a RAM cart that has a row of DIP switches to
+    control where its memory will be "seen", and that cart has a fully
+    plastic (not metal) label, you can now consider cutting a rectangular
+    hole in the plastic case to allow external switch-changing. This is so
+    you don't have to open the case every time you want to make a memory
+    bank change. (The metal labeled carts are harder to cut, obviously, so
+    you might consider swapping guts with another cart casing, if you like.)
+    The hole needed is as follows ... but note that I'm referring to the edge
+    of the cartridge's LABEL area, not the outer edges of the plastic casing.
+    Put some masking tape over the label (to preserve it) and write on it, to
+    mark where the hole must go. The bottom edge of the hole is 5/16ths of an
+    inch above the bottom edge of the label. The top edge is 1/2 inch above
+    that. There should be about 1.75 inches left, from there to the top of the
+    label area. The sides of the hole are harder to measure, as you'll note
+    there is some subtle inward tapering of the casing and label area, to
+    allow some rocking motion while inserting/removing carts from the Vic20.
+    Measure from the exact left corner, inward 2 and 1/8th inches in. This is
+    the left edge of the hole. Measuring from the exact right corner of the
+    label, come in 1 and 15/16ths inch. The hole should be roughly 7/8ths of
+    an inch wide. As with any hole-cutting project, start out smaller than
+    the finished hole is supposed to be, and move outward carefully. A "hot
+    knife" or dremel plastic cutting wheel will do this job fast and neat.
+  - It is possible to make your RAM cartridge "look like" ROM memory, at the
+    flip of a switch. This used to be a popular feature of various companies
+    cartridge expansion port chassis', to allow archival images of programs
+    to run in RAM, even if they are protected and would normally over-write
+    themselves if they were found to be running from within RAM memory.
+  - Make your own plug-in cartridges, using bank-switching techniques, that
+    are much larger than the standard 4 banks of 8 kilobytes each. I just saw
+    a posting on Usenet, that referred to someone's having made a cartridge
+    that used 192K of EPROM memory, along with 8k of RAM memory. (So much for
+    the memory limitations of the past!)
+  - Besides creating new things from scratch, you can also modify existing
+    ones. There is nothing that says that a hardware project has to be one
+    made from scratch! One beginner-type electronics project: the RAM carts
+    made by Commodore came in 8K or 16K variations. But if you open one up,
+    you'll quickly see that the PC boards are identical in both versions.
+    The 8k RAM cart is just a half-populated 16k board! I have not done it
+    myself (as I have 16k and 32k expanders already), but adding the extra
+K looks easy enough, if one had the right parts and the need to do it.
+  - It seems entirely feasible to make a "fastload" type of cartridge for the
+    Vic20 ... that is, one that "disappears" part of the time, leaving memory
+    in a non-expanded state. One possible application example might be to, as
+    I said, make a "fastload" type of cartridge; in fact, years ago at least
+    two tape accelerator carts DID once exist (Arrow, and Vic Rabbit).
+  - Other possible uses for a cart like this might be to make a cart similar
+    to the "Game Genie". In other words, where cart images loaded into RAM
+    memory are modified byte-by-byte, in some pre-calculated ways, to make
+    immortal or "cheat" versions of certain games. Or best case scenario,
+    all cartridge based games! Imagine adding level selects to 15-year old
+    games? It may sound silly at first, but what a hacking trick to pull off!
+  - Memory dumping carts are one other possibility ... by that I mean carts
+    similar to the "Snapshot" series, "Icepick" or whatever. These would be
+    very useful for examining memory usage, testing RAM carts, etc, etc.
+  - "Multi-carts" are also possible. In other words, many images of cartridge
+    based software programs can be placed into one or more very large EPROM
+    chips, in one cartridge casing. Modern memory sizes all look huge, when
+    compared to the miniscule memory sizes of the past. One example: a 28-pin
+    chip exists that is *almost* a direct pin-for-pin replacement for a 24-
+    pin EPROM memory chip. So, its *almost* trivial to make an 8k cartridge
+    be a collection of 8 x 8k games, or 4 x 16k games. Much, much larger
+    chip sizes exist now, which would allow a hundred or more games in one
+    cartridge casing. Of course, that's no longer easy, let alone trivial,
+    but it can be done. It has been done already, with other gaming systems,
+    in fact. (See the pinouts and notes below, for some get-started info.)
+  - If you did make a multicart, one easy way to control all the extra lines
+    needed for bank-selection and addressing, would be to use the modem port
+    lines, with a cable from there into the cartridge. Sounds silly, perhaps,
+    but there are already 8 user-addressable lines there, for input and for
+    output, so why get fancier than you need to? This port should seem very
+    familiar to C64 users, as there are a lot of similarities there. To use
+    the port, as on the C64, takes only two POKE's, even from within BASIC!
+  - Battery-backed carts used to exist, years ago. Those should not be too
+    hard to make again. In fact, some RAM carts have such large capacitors
+    inside them, that once you load a program up and turn it off, it takes
+    quite some time to get RAM to clear! (I thought I toasted one of my Vic's
+    one day, after a soldering session. But I figured out what was wrong;
+    all it takes to solve the problem is to wait longer when power cycling.)
+  - You tell me? There has to be more ways to use this part of the Vic20....
+So with all that said, I'm going to launch right into the technical specs and
+such, and let you play to your hearts content! I'd love to see an article in
+a later issue of C= Hacking, that put this information to use, and showed us
+all exactly how you did it, step-by-step. Go for it!
+@(A)diag1: Pinout diagram #1:
+           Memory Expansion port connector of the Vic20 computer
+Below is the pinout diagram of the Vic20 cartridge port, or Memory Expansion
+Connector. Please note that this is NOT the pinout for a cartridge that might
+fit into any port, nor is it a pinout of the User Port, which is something
+completely different. This diagram shows the cartridge port's pinout, as you
+face the rear of the Vic 20 computer. (The port is on the Vic20's left side.)
+Bottom side of expansion port.       Top side of expansion port.
+(This half is on bottom.)            (This half is towards the keyboard.)
+          (This edge of the connector faces left,
+          where the power switch and the LED are.)
+                        _________
+                        |  ___  |
+         GND         A  |  | |  |   1       GND
+         CA0         B  |  | |  |   2       CD0
+         CA1         C  |  | |  |   3       CD1
+         CA2         D  |  | |  |   4       CD2
+         CA3         E  |  | |  |   5       CD3
+         CA4         F  |  | |  |   6       CD4
+         CA5         H  |  | |  |   7       CD5
+         CA6         J  |  | |  |   8       CD6
+         CA7         K  |  | |  |   9       CD7       (Memory Location:)
+         CA8         L  |  | |  |   10      BLK 1       ($2000 - $3fff)
+         CA9         M  |  | |  |   11      BLK 2       ($4000 - $5fff)
+         CA10        N  |  | |  |   12      BLK 3       ($6000 - $7fff)
+         CA11        P  |  | |  |   13      BLK 5       ($a000 - $bfff)
+         CA12        R  |  | |  |   14      RAM 1       ($0400 - $07ff)
+         CA13        S  |  | |  |   15      RAM 2       ($0800 - $0bff)
+         I/O 2       T  |  | |  |   16      RAM 3       ($0c00 - $0fff)
+         I/O 3       U  |  | |  |   17      V R/W
+         S02         V  |  | |  |   18      C R/W
+         NMI         W  |  | |  |   19      IRQ
+         RESET       X  |  | |  |   20      NC
+         NC          Y  |  | |  |   21      +5 Volts
+         GND         Z  |  | |  |   22      GND
+                        |  ---  |
+                        ---------
+          (This edge of the connector is on the
+          right, where all the other ports are.)
+Pinout Notes:
+-------------
+BLKxx =  8K decoded RAM/ROM block xx, active low. See chart above for area.
+CAxx  =  Address bus line xx
+CDxx  =  Data bus line xx
+C R/W =  Read/Write line from CPU. (Read = high, Write = low)
+GND   =  System ground
+I/O 2 =  Decoded I/O block 2, starting at $9130
+I/O 3 =  Decoded I/O block 3, starting at $9140
+IRQ   =  6502 Interrupt Request line (active low)
+NC    =  No connection
+NMI   =  6502 Non-Maskable Interrupt line (active low)
+RAMxx =  1K decoded RAM blockxx, active low. See chart above for memory area.
+RESET =  6502 reset line (active low)
+S02   =  Phase 2 system clock
+V R/W =  Read/Write line from Vic chip. (Read = high, Write = low)
+@(A)diag2: Pinout diagram #2: A standard Vic20 cartridge's card edge connector
+Below is a pinout diagram of a standard Vic20 cartridge, seen facing its card
+edge connector. Please note that this is NOT the pinout of the port it plugs
+into, which is shown above. The two pinouts are exact opposites, because you
+are facing the port head-on as is, but you have to flip a cartridge around
+degrees to be able to look at it head-on, facing its card edge connector.
+ Bottom side of cartridge      Top (label or component) side of cartridge
+                         _-_
+         GND         Z   | |   22    GND
+         NC          Y   | |   21    +5 Volts
+         RESET       X   | |   20    NC
+         NMI         W   | |   19    IRQ
+         S02         V   | |   18    C R/W
+         I/O 3       U   | |   17    V R/W     (Memory location:)
+         I/O 2       T   | |   16    RAM 3       ($0C00 - $0FFF)
+         CA13        S   | |   15    RAM 2       ($0800 - $0BFF)
+         CA12        R   | |   14    RAM 1       ($0400 - $07FF)
+         CA11        P   | |   13    BLK 5       ($A000 - $BFFF)
+         CA10        N   | |   12    BLK 3       ($6000 - $7FFF)
+         CA9         M   | |   11    BLK 2       ($4000 - $5FFF)
+         CA8         L   | |   10    BLK 1       ($2000 - $3FFF)
+         CA7         K   | |   9     CD7
+         CA6         J   | |   8     CD6
+         CA5         H   | |   7     CD5
+         CA4         F   | |   6     CD4
+         CA3         E   | |   5     CD3
+         CA2         D   | |   4     CD2
+         CA1         C   | |   3     CD1
+         CA0         B   | |   2     CD0
+         GND         A   | |   1     GND
+                         -_-
+   Pinout diagram #3: EPROM # 2764A
+   (This is a standard, 8K x 8 bit memory chip)
+            ____    ____
+            |   !__!   |
+        Vpp | 1     28 | Vcc  (+5 Volts)
+        A12 | 2     27 | PGM  (Active low)
+        A7  | 3     26 | N.C. (No connection)
+        A6  | 4     25 | A8
+        A5  | 5     24 | A9
+        A4  | 6     23 | A11
+        A3  | 7     22 | OE  (Output Enable; Active low)
+        A2  | 8     21 | A10
+        A1  | 9     20 | CE  (Chip Enable; Active low)
+        A0  | 10    19 | D7
+        D0  | 11    18 | D6
+        D1  | 12    17 | D5
+        D2  | 13    16 | D4
+        GND | 14    15 | D3
+            |__________|
+ See the notes below for some tips on using this as a replacement memory
+ chip, on a modified cartridge body, for experimentation purposes. Note
+ that there are differences between it and the standard Vic20 chip below,
+ that will have to be accounted for before it can be wired to the boards.
+ However, a rare few Commodore-made carts came wired from the factory to
+ use standard 2764 EPROM chips ... if you can find one, it would be easier
+ to experiment with. (And I do mean rare; I have only seen two, myself!)
+ These special carts are in brown plastic cases, with metal labels that
+ have no name printed on them. Instead, there is a metallic sticker stuck
+ on it, with the name of the cartridge. Apparently, limited edition carts.
+ Also, a few later HES carts I've seen also came with EPROMs and sockets.
+ But be careful, as various early carts sometimes used 2 banks of 4k each!
+@(A)diag3: Pinout diagram #4: "MPS 2364" ROM chip
+           (Commodore-standard, 24-pin ROM chip, 8K x 8 bit.)
+            ____    ____
+            |   !__!   |
+       CA7  | 1     24 | +5 Volts
+       CA6  | 2     23 | CA8
+       CA5  | 3     22 | CA9
+       CA4  | 4     21 | CA12
+       CA3  | 5     20 | CS (Chip select, active low)
+       CA2  | 6     19 | CA10
+       CA1  | 7     18 | CA11
+       CA0  | 8     17 | CD7
+       CD0  | 9     16 | CD6
+       CD1  | 10    15 | CD5
+       CD2  | 11    14 | CD4
+       GND  | 12    13 | CD3
+            |__________|
+This pinout was derived from a Vic20 schematic, found in the book the
+"Vic20 Programmer's Reference Guide". (Great book!) Please note that while
+this is an 8k-by-8-bit Commodore memory chip (its actually the Kernal chip,
+located at $E000-$FFFF), and that while it could normally be assumed safely
+that a company would standardize and use the same chips in their cartridges
+that they used in their computer's motherboards, this is Commodore we're
+talking about. A bit of paranoia might be in order. Having said that, I'll
+note that as of this writing, the author has not compared this diagram and
+an actual memory chip from a Commodore-produced Vic20 cartridge. 'Nuff said!
+Information for the diagrams above was taken from the Vic20 reference book
+"The Vic Revealed" by Nick Hampshire, 1982, Hayden Book Co, Inc. That info
+was verified by checking it against information found in the "Vic20
+Programmer's Reference Guide," 1982, by Commodore Business Machines, Inc.
+and Howard W. Sams & Company, Inc. Other references were checked as noted.
+@(A)notes: Assorted notes on the diagrams above, and some related subjects.
+You are looking at the cart pinout as if you were holding an unopened
+cartridge, label-side up (or right, in these diagrams) with the gold fingers
+pointing at you. If you are looking at a bare circuit board once it has been
+taken out of its outer plastic case, the chip is on top (or right, as shown
+here) again with the gold fingers facing you. (The diagrams were drawn
+sideways, as the ASCII drawings are somewhat clearer this way, believe it or
+not. There is less confusion this way over which pin is which. Horizontally,
+each name takes up more space.)
+A perhaps useful experimenter's tip: If you plan to take the circuit board
+out of the cartridge case, then remove the ROM chip(s) from the circuit board,
+mark the two sides of the board first, or you may no longer be able to tell
+which is the top, and which is the bottom! This is especially true if one is
+removing chips to install sockets. (Any magic marker will do; just write
+"Bottom" on the "green stuff". Do not write on any exposed metal surfaces.
+For experimenting purposes, it might be handy to find a cartridge you no
+longer care about, desolder the existing ROM chip from the circuit board
+inside the cartridge and install an IC socket to make it easier to change
+chips, later. However, note two things about this. One, the socket makes the
+whole thing taller, and it may no longer fit into a standard case. You can
+either (carefully!) use the new circuit board without using its outer case,
+at least for in-house testing, or you may be able to cut a "window" in the
+top of the case to clear it all. Second, some cartridges don't use standard
+IC ROM's, so try another cartridge, until you find one that does use a
+standard DIP package. (Some carts are more "rare" than others; try to use a
+cartridge that isn't super-rare, when cutting and hacking them up, please!)
+On all the Vic20 carts the author has opened and seen so far, the ROM chip
+inside has 24-pins. Standard replacement EPROM's have 28-pins. This creates
+problems, but not insurmountable ones. It is a bit of a nuisance, but the
+dedicated experimenter can modify a 24-pin circuit board, to accept any 28-
+pin standard EPROM, such as the 2764 package. If one did not want the hassle
+of doing this, one other method exists to be able to put your own 8K eprom
+chips inside; however, it is not cheap. Motorola makes an 8K EPROM that is
+completely compatible with Commodore's "standard" 24-pin ROM chips. It even
+works as a direct pin-for-pin replacement for the 8K Kernal and Basic ROM's
+inside your Vic20 or C64; the author has replaced both types in the past.
+The part number for this EPROM is MCM 68764. It was about $18.00 each. (Yes,
+it is programmable via the C64's "Promenade" eprom burner too!) I think I got
+my 68764 years ago, from Jameco Electronics; try them. A 2764 adapter circuit
+board can be made to adapt the differences in 24-to-28 pin sockets, but it
+will likely be too tall to fit inside. This Motorola chip may be somewhat hard
+to find; I've been told it is no longer being made. (Try the I'net, for one.)
+The memory area located at $A000-BFFF ("Block 5") is normally considered to
+be a ROM-only block of memory. RAM can be mapped into that space if you
+modify the cartridge's internal switches/jumpers, to redirect a standard RAM
+cartridge to load higher up in memory. However, BASIC cannot normally access
+that area, as it is meant to be for ROM's only. This is important, if one
+wishes to archive an 8K autostart ROM cartridge (normally located in block 5)
+and run the resulting ROM image from within RAM. It can be done, but you have
+to modify a standard 8K RAM cartridge to do it. (Ground "BLK 5", and cut any
+trace or jumper that tells the cart to load into a different area.)
+Note also that some carts may be copy-protected, and will not run in RAM
+without modification or "training," to alter the copy protection. Some carts
+that have copy protection coded into them, try to overwrite themselves. Some
+carts apparently use a more sophisticated timing-based approach; they know if
+you have just turned the machine on, or if you've been loading an image up. A
+few carts use very subtle methods to protect themselves from being archived.
+Trying to relocate a machine language program from the memory area where it
+was written, and intended to be, and to have it actually work afterwards, is
+not advised. It will not work! At least, not without doing so many difficult
+modifications to the machine language object code that you may as well just
+start over and reprogram it all from scratch. For most people, don't bother
+trying. To me, the idea is to get the real actual code as written, anyway.
+Similar problems confront the user who wishes to archive a tape or a diskette-
+based original. Trying to make a cartridge out of it, isn't worth the huge
+headaches. You are better off, in this case, trying to archive tape-based
+programs to floppy disk (which will still require a little modification, but
+not as much), and floppies to floppies. But if you can do it, more power...
+And last but not least: on all the NTSC Vic20 motherboards I looked at (4 or
+), the BASIC memory chip is labeled "UE11", while the Kernal chip is labeled
+as "UE12". My PAL schematic lists these two as UD5 and UD6, respectively. The
+Basic memory map area is at $C000-DFFF. Kernal is at $E000-FFFF. The only
+other 24-pin chip is the Character Generator; its 4K, not 8K.
+=========================================================================
+@(#)next: The Next Hack
+Hey!  We just filled your life with hundreds of kilobytes of reading material
+and you have the nerve to stop at this section and inquire what is going to be
+included in the next issue.  I just don;t kow what is getting into you folks
+nawadays.  Back when I was young....  (Well, we just were happy with this
+issue).
+I suppose if you must know, we'll note some of the juicy parts of C=H #16,
+just to see you squirm in anticipation:
+o  3 Dimensional Graphics is a hot topic in the next issue, with Steve Judd
+   finishing up his series on 3D graphics routines with a library of function
+   calls to implement 3D graphics.
+o  Pasi Ojala graces your eyes with some inspiration on data compression, with
+   help for those who have to fit their 6kB code into 4 kB for the next Driven
+k Compo.
+o  We'll show you how to do a culture transplant on your PAL VIC-20 and get it
+   to talk NTSC.
+o  OK, readers, line up single file as we discuss making starfields for your
+   next great project.
+Now, go collect all the items in Jim Brain's CBM Products List.  Call us when
+you have them all.
+=========================================================================
+@(#)code: Hacking the Code
+Being a technical, developer oriented magazine, some articles featured
+in C=H include executables or other binary files as part of the article.
+All such binary files are included on the soft copy of this issue in this
+section.  In an effort to retain the integrity of such binary files through
+distribution over various computer networks, the binaries in this section
+have been encoded using the UUcode format, a popular Internet
+binary-to-readable text encoding method. In order to execute or otherwise
+utilize these binary files, one must feed this section of the magazine
+to a UUdecoding application.  Typical examples include UUXFER for the 64,
+uudecode on the ACE OS for the 64 and 128, and uudecode on most UNIX OS
+machines.  Some encoders can decode multiple files, while others will
+require the user to manually split this section into individual pieces
+prior to decoding.
+In addition to this section, there are other ways to retrieve the
+binary files featured in this issue.  For those with World Wide Web
+access, the files are available on the Commodore Hacking Web Site at
+http://www.jbrain.com/chacking/ as well as on our ftp site at
+ftp://ftp.jbrain.com/pub/cbm/mags/c=hacking/
+For those with electronic mail access only, the Commodore Hacking
+MAILSERV server also contains a copy of these files.  To retrieve a
+copy of "dim4.lnx", send the following email message:
+To: ftpmail@mail.jbrain.com
+Subject: FTPMAIL
+Body of Message:
+open
+cd /pub/cbm/mags/c=hacking/14/
+bin
+send dim4.lnx
+help
+quit
+For some articles published in Commodore, the author or authors may also
+have other methods for accessing files mentioned in the article.  These
+methods are described in the respective article.
+Commodore Hacking always attempts to provide the reader with as many
+options as possible to retrieve uncorrupted binary files.  Although none
+of these above methods is foolproof, the added redundancy helps overcome
+any shortcomings.
+WARNING:  The UUCode format translates files from binary to ASCII, not
+PETSCII.  Therefore, either decode this section before downloading this
+section to a PETSCII mode computer system, or download this section without
+translation to PETSCII.  Some decoder programs can handle PETSCII converted
+UUCode files, but the practice is not recommended because conversion is
+typically done in a telecommunications program and accuracy in
+translation cannot be guaranteed.
+@(A)dpschematic: Schematic for DataPump Plus
+The following GIF file details the schematic of the DataPump Plus cartridge.
+This graphics format can be viewed on the 64 with a tool like GEOGif or
+vgif128.
+begin 644 dp.gif
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+@(A)4080schematic: Schematic and PCB masks for 40/80 Switch
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+end
+=========================================================================
+@(#): bottom
+</code>